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Historically, an obvious way in which to describe community compositions has been diversity in terms of the number and abundances of species. However, the failure to reject contradictory models has led to communities now being characterized by trait and phylogenetic diversities. Our objective here is to demonstrate how species, trait and phylogenetic diversity can be combined together from large to local spatial scales to reveal the historical, deterministic and stochastic processes that im pact the compositions of local communities. Research in this area has recently been advanced by the development of mathematical measures that incorporate trait dissimilarities and phylogenetic relatedness between species. However, measures of trait divers ity have been developed independently of phylogenetic measures and conversely most of the phylogenetic diversity measures have been developed independently of trait diversity measures. This has led to semantic confusions particularly when classical ecolog ical and evolutionary approaches are integrated so closely together. Consequently, we propose a unified semantic framework and demonstrate the importance of the links among species, phylogenetic and trait diversity indices. Furthermore, species, trait and phylogenetic diversity indices differ in the ways they can be used across different spatial scales. The connections between large-scale, regional and local processes allow the consideration of historical factors in addition to local ecological determinis tic or stochastic processes. Phylogenetic and trait diversity have been used in large-scale analyses to determine how historical and/or environmental factors affect both the formation of species assemblages and patterns in species richness across latitude or elevation gradients. Both phylogenetic and trait diversity have been used at different spatial scales to identify the relative impacts of ecological deterministic processes such as environmental filtering and limiting similarity from alternative proce sses such as random speciation and extinction, random dispersal and ecological drift. Measures of phylogenetic diversity combine phenotypic and genetic diversity and have the potential to reveal both the ecological and historical factors that impact local communities. Consequently, we demonstrate that, when used in a comparative way, species, trait and …","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pavoine","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","f amily":"Bonsall","given":"M. B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Biological Reviews","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"792-812","title":"Measuring biodiversity to explain c ommunity assembly: A unified approach","type":"article-journal","volume":"86"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6a7f35a3-7c5a-44b4-9e2c-123db1eb6295"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitatio n":"(Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011) (Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011) (Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13886.x","ISSN":"00301299","abstract":"Functional diversity is hypothesised as being beneficial for ecosystem functions, such as productivity and resistance to invasion. However, a precise definition of functional diversity, and hence a framework for its quantification, have proved elusive. We present a definition based on the analogy of the components of species diversity - richness, evenness and divergence. T hese concepts are applied to functional characters to give three components of functional diversity - functional richness, functional evenness and functional divergence. We demonstrate how each of these components may be calculated. It is hoped that our d efinition of functional diversity and its components will aid in elucidation of the mechanisms behind diversity/ecosystem- function relationships. Copyright © OIKOS 2005.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mason","given":"Norman W.H.","non-dropp ing-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mouillot","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lee","given":"William G.","non-dropping-particle":" ","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wilson","given":"J. Bastow","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Oikos","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"11 2-118","title":"Functional richness, functional evenness and functional divergence: The primary components of functional diversity","type":"article-journal","volume":"111"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=de8adc42-067e-446e-8647-7479da664 e55"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00171.x","ISSN":"14647931","PMID":"21155964","abstract":"One of the oldest challenges in ecology is to understand the processes that underpin the composition of communities. Historically, a n obvious way in which to describe community compositions has been diversity in terms of the number and abundances of species. However, the failure to reject contradictory models has led to communities now being characterized by trait and phylogenetic div ersities. Our objective here is to demonstrate how species, trait and phylogenetic diversity can be combined together from large to local spatial scales to reveal the historical, deterministic and stochastic processes that impact the compositions of local communities. Research in this area has recently been advanced by the development of mathematical measures that incorporate trait dissimilarities and phylogenetic relatedness between species. However, measures of trait diversity have been developed indepe ndently of phylogenetic measures and conversely most of the phylogenetic diversity measures have been developed independently of trait diversity measures. This has led to semantic confusions particularly when classical ecological and evolutionary approach es are integrated so closely together. Consequently, we propose a unified semantic framework and demonstrate the importance of the links among species, phylogenetic and trait diversity indices. Furthermore, species, trait and phylogenetic diversity indice s differ in the ways they can be used across different spatial scales. The connections between large-scale, regional and local processes allow the consideration of historical factors in addition to local ecological deterministic or stochastic processes. P hylogenetic and trait diversity have been used in large-scale analyses to determine how historical and/or environmental factors affect both the formation of species assemblages and patterns in species richness across latitude or elevation gradients. Both phylogenetic and trait diversity have been used at different spatial scales to identify the relative impacts of ecological deterministic processes such as environmental filtering and limiting similarity from alternative processes such as random speciation and extinction, random dispersal and ecological drift. Measures of phylogenetic diversity combine phenotypic and genetic diversity and have the potential to reveal both the ecological and historical factors that impact local communities. Consequently, we demonstrate that, when used in a comparative way, species, trait and …","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pavoine","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bonsall","given":"M. B .","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Biological Reviews","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"792-812","title":"Measuring biodiversity to explain community assembly: A unified a pproach","type":"article-journal","volume":"86"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6a7f35a3-7c5a-44b4-9e2c-123db1eb6295"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mason et al., 2005; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mason et al., 2005; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mason et al., 2005; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mason et al., 2005; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011) (Mason et al., 2005; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011) (Mason et al., 2005; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9783540327301","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Díaz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel ","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chapin III","given":"F. 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These activities traditionally focus on the measures of species diversity that include only information on the presence and abundance of species. Yet how diversity influences ecosystem function depends on the traits and niches fil led by species. 2.Biological diversity can be quantified in ways that account for functional and phenotypic differences. A number of such measures of functional diversity (FD) have been created, quantifying the distribution of traits in a community or the relative magnitude of species similarities and differences. We review FD measures and why they are intuitively useful for understanding ecological patterns and are important for management. 3.In order for FD to be meaningful and worth measuring, it must be correlated with ecosystem function, and it should provide information above and beyond what species richness or diversity can explain. We review these two propositions, examining whether the strength of the correlation between FD and species richness v aries across differing environmental gradients and whether FD offers greater explanatory power of ecosystem function than species richness. 4.Previous research shows that the relationship between FD and richness is complex and context dependent. Different functional traits can show individual responses to different gradients, meaning that important changes in diversity can occur with minimal change in richness. Further, FD can explain variation in ecosystem function even when richness does not. 5.Synthesi s and applications. FD measures those aspects of diversity that potentially affect community assembly and function. Given this explanatory power, FD should be incorporated into conservation and restoration decision-making, especially for those efforts att empting to reconstruct or preserve healthy, functioning ecosystems. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cadotte","given":"Marc W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse -names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carscadden","given":"Kelly","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mirotchnick","given":"Nicholas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names" :false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"1079-1087","title":"Beyond species: Functional diversity and the maintenance of ecological processes and services","ty pe":"article-journal","volume":"48"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fd4da386-8f9d-432a-b7a2-62c414e2ced4"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-019-43475-1","ISBN":"4159801943","ISSN":"20452322","PMID":"31061520","abstract": "It is essential to understand how the loss of biodiversity impacts both ecosystem function (EF) and multifunctionality (EMF). Previous studies have mostly focused on predicting how species richness (SR) impacts EMF, while the effect of functional diversi ty (FD) on EMF remains unclear. Specifically, we know little about the primary functional drivers impacting EMF compared with SR. Therefore, we analysed 8 ecosystem functions within 58 natural secondary forest plots to investigate the effect of FD on both individual EF and EMF. Our results suggest that SR and FD had very significant positive effects on plant phosphorus, soil available phosphorus, and soil total nitrogen. FD explained significantly more variations in these functional responses than SR for individual ecosystem functioning. We also used a multiple threshold approach to test the effect of SR and FD on EMF. We found that FD and SR were positively related to EMF regardless of whether low-level function or high-level function was desired, but FD had a larger effect than SR. Based on the averaging approach, OLS regression, multivariate linear regression model and random forest analysis, we found that SR and FD were both drivers of EMF but that FD had a stronger effect and could explain more varia tion. As such, we conclude that FD drives ecosystem multifunctionality more than SR.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huang","given":"Xiaobo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Su","gi ven":"Jianrong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Li","given":"Shuaifeng","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liu","given":"Wande","non-d ropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lang","given":"Xuedong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Scientific Reports","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-p arts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1-8","publisher":"Springer US","title":"Functional diversity drives ecosystem multifunctionality in a Pinus yunnanensis natural secondary forest","type":"article-journal","volume":"9"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/? uuid=9447693f-bed7-48af-bcad-323a5ae51e40"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.277.5330.1300","ISSN":"00368075","abstract":"Humans are modifying both the identities and numbers of species in ecosystems, but the impacts of such changes on e cosystem processes are controversial. Plant species diversity, functional diversity, and functional composition were experimentally varied in grassland plots. Each factor by itself had significant effects on many ecosystem processes, but functional compos ition and functional diversity were the principal factors explaining plant productivity, plant percent nitrogen, plant total nitrogen, and light penetration. Thus, habitat modifications and management practices that change functional diversity and functio nal composition are likely to have large impacts on ecosystem processes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tilman","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Knops","given":"Joh annes","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wedin","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reich","given":"Peter","non-dropping- particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ritchie","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Siemann","given":"Evan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse -names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"5330","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"1300-1302","title":"The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes","type":"article-journal","vol ume":"277"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4ba2209e-2d2f-4484-88ff-bbb2ead0471a"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.actao.2005.08.003","ISSN":"1146609X","abstract":"Species and functional group (grasses, legumes, creeping nonl egume forbs, rosette nonlegume forbs) richness of species assemblages composed of 16 species from four functional plant groups were manipulated to evaluate the productivity-diversity relationships in a greenhouse pot experiment. Pots were filled with sand , and supplied at two levels of nutrients. The plants were grown in monocultures, two, four, eight and 16 species mixtures. Individual two, four, and eight species mixtures differed in the richness of functional groups. Although the two characteristics of (Cadotte et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2019; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman et al., 1997) (Cadotte et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2019; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman et al., 1997) (Cadotte et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2019; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman et al., 1997) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rosenfield","given":"Jordan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Oikos","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issu ed":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"title":"Functional Redundancy In Ecology And Conservation","type":"article-journal","volume":"98"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1a3ed2a2-cbd6-4ca5-a6b5-0c9122337327"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(R osenfield, 2002)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Rosenfield, 2002)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Rosenfield, 2002)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rosenfield, 2002) (Rosenfield, 2002) (Rosenfield, 2002) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9783540327301","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Díaz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel ","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chapin III","given":"F. 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Analyses showed that ferric iron reduction with depth was broadly accompanied by manganese and arsenic reduction and FeS accumulation. Clone library analyses indicated the suboxic-anoxic transiti on zone sediment contained abundant Fe(III)- and sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria, whereas the overlying surface sediment was dominated by clones related to the Fe(II)-oxidizing zetaproteobacterium, Mariprofundus ferroxydans. Cultures obtained from th e transition zone were enriched in bacteria that reduced Fe(III), nitrate, sulfate and As(V) using acetate or lactate as electron donors. In the absence of added organic carbon, bacteria were enriched that oxidized Fe(II) anaerobically or microaerobically , sulfide microaerobically and aerobically and As(III) aerobically. According to 16S rRNA gene analyses, enriched bacteria represented a phylogenetically wide distribution. Most probable number counts indicated an abundance of nitrate-, As(V)- and Fe(III) ((s,aq))-reducers, and dissolved sulfide-oxidizers over sulfate-reducers, and FeS-, As(III)- and nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidisers in the transition zone. It is noteworthy that the combined community and geochemical data imply near-surface microbial iron and arsenic redox cycling were dominant biogeochemical processes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tilman","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Encyclopedia of Biodiversity","id":"ITE M-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]},"page":"109-120","publisher":"Academic Press","title":"Functional Diversity","type":"chapter","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=010006d2-89c0-407f-8f60-826fe386b308"]}],"mendeley":{"form attedCitation":"(Tilman, 2001)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Tilman, 2001)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Tilman, 2001)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tilman, 2001) (Tilman, 2001) (Tilman, 2001) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.06.020","ISSN":"03043800","abstract":"The effect of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning is one of the major questions of ecology. However, the role of phytop lankton functional diversity in ecosystem productivity and stability under fluctuating (i.e. non-equilibrium) environments remains largely unknown. Here we use a marine ecosystem model to study the effect of phytoplankton functional diversity on both ecos ystem productivity and its stability for seasonally variable nutrient supply and temperature. Functional diversity ranges from low to high along these two environmental axes independently. Changes in diversity are obtained by varying the range of uptake s trategies and thermal preferences of the species present in the community. Species can range from resource gleaners to opportunists, and from cold to warm thermal preferences. The phytoplankton communities self-assemble as a result of species selection by resource competition (nutrients) and environmental filtering (temperature). Both processes lead to species asynchrony but their effect on productivity and stability differ. We find that the diversity of temperature niches has a strong and direct positive effect on productivity and stability due to species complementarity, while the diversity of uptake strategies has a weak and indirect positive effect due to sampling probability. These results show that more functionally diverse phytoplankton communities lead to higher and more stable ecosystem productivity but the positive effect of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning depends critically on the type of environmental gradient.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vallina","given":"S. M.","non-dr opping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cermeno","given":"P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dutkiewicz","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"", "parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Loreau","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Montoya","given":"J. M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false," suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Modelling","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"184-196","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","title":"Phytoplankton functional diversity increases ecosystem productivity and stability","type":"article -journal","volume":"361"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a6ad59ca-a0b0-4586-9588-7fe2bb55281b"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10342-020-01298-0","ISBN":"1034202001298","ISSN":"16124677","abstract":"Niche complementarity, ma ss-ratio, and vegetation quantity effects have been identified as major drivers of the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships. However, their relative contribution to biomass and productivity is not yet clear in temperate secondary forests . Based on the observations from a 21.12-ha temperate secondary forest plot in northeastern China, we assessed how these mechanisms regulate forest biomass and productivity. The niche complementarity effect was quantified using a functional diversity metr ic that was calculated from six locally collected functional traits. The mass-ratio effect was described as functional trait composition using community-weighted mean trait values. Vegetation quantity effect was evaluated using vegetation biomass. We perf ormed structural equation modeling to test the alternative mechanisms. Our results provide evidence for all three mechanisms. Functional diversity increased forest productivity, in line with the niche complementarity hypothesis. Acquisitive traits (e.g., greater specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen concentration) enhance productivity, while conservative traits (e.g., greater wood density) enhance the long-term accumulation of biomass, demonstrating the mass-ratio hypothesis. Furthermore, we observed a sig nificant positive relationship between biomass and productivity, confirming the vegetation quantity hypothesis. We conclude that functional traits drive biomass and productivity through multiple mechanisms. Both niche complementarity and the mass-ratio ef fects play roles in this temperate secondary forest. In addition, we emphasize the importance of preserving sufficient biomass stock to ensure maximum productivity in secondary forests. Our study contributes to the identification of the mechanisms underly ing BEF relationships and has practical significance for guiding temperate secondary forest management and conservation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hao","given":"Minhui","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropp ing-particle":"","family":"Messier","given":"Christian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Geng","given":"Yan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":""," family":"Zhang","given":"Chunyu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhao","given":"Xiuhai","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gadow","giv en":"Klaus","non-dropping-particle":"von","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"European Journal of Forest Research","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"959-968","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","tit le":"Functional traits influence biomass and productivity through multiple mechanisms in a temperate secondary forest","type":"article-journal","volume":"139"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3d154635-bdc3-43ae-86a4-5bd0058979f9"]},{"id": "ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1098/rspb.2021.0432","ISBN":"0000000237154","ISSN":"14712954","PMID":"33726602","abstract":"In the article ‘Tropical mammal functional diversity increases with productivity but decreases with anthropogenic disturbance’ by Go rczynski et al., there was an error in the institutional affiliations of two authors. The correct institutional affiliation for Fernanda Santos is: Department of Mastozoology, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brazil. The correct institutional af filiation for Marcela Guimarães Moreira Lima is: Biogeography of Conservation and Macroecology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil. This has been corrected on the publisher’s website.","author":[{"dropp ing-particle":"","family":"Gorczynski","given":"Daniel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hsieh","given":"Chia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"" ,"family":"Luciano","given":"Jadelys Tonos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ahumada","given":"Jorge","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family" :"Espinosa","given":"Santiago","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johnson","given":"Steig","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rovero","gi ven":"Francesco","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Santos","given":"Fernanda","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Andrianarisoa","given": "Mahandry Hugues","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Astaiza","given":"Johanna Hurtado","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jansen","given ":"Patrick A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kayijamahe","given":"Charles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Moreira Lima","given": "Marcela Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Salvador","given":"Julia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Beaudrot","given":"Ly dia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"1947","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"0-7","title":"Erratum: Tropical mammal fu nctional diversity increases with productivity but decreases with anthropogenic disturbance (Proc. R. Soc. B (2021) 288 (20202098) DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2098)","type":"article-journal","volume":"288"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9b23 1a32-a684-41c1-a04d-48afc854abde"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1126/science.277.5330.1302","ISSN":"00368075","abstract":"The relative effects of plant richness (the number of plant functional groups) and composition (the identity of the plant fu nctional groups) on primary productivity and soil nitrogen pools were tested experimentally. Differences in plant composition explained more of the variation in production and nitrogen dynamics than did the number of functional groups present. Thus, it is possible to identify and differentiate among potential mechanisms underlying patterns of ecosystem response to variation in plant diversity, with implications for resource management.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hooper","given":"David U. ","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vitousek","given":"Peter M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"5330","issued":{"d ate-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"1302-1305","title":"The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes","type":"article-journal","volume":"277"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=abe097d3-9696-4555-912e-fd3e01096dde"]},{"i d":"ITEM-5","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s00442-016-3802-3","ISSN":"00298549","PMID":"28097426","abstract":"Understanding the factors governing ecological stability in variable environments is a central focus of ecology. Functional diversity can stabilize e cosystem function over time if one group of species compensates for an environmentally driven decline in another. Although intuitively appealing, evidence for this pattern is mixed. We hypothesized that diverse functional responses to rainfall will increa se the stability of vegetation cover and biomass across rainfall conditions, but that this effect depends on land-use legacies that maintain functional diversity. We experimentally manipulated grazing in a California grassland to create land-use legacies of low and moderate grazing, across which we implemented rainout shelters and irrigation to create dry and wet conditions over 3 years. We found that the stability of the vegetation cover was greatly elevated and the stability of the biomass was slightly elevated across rainfall conditions in areas with histories of moderate grazing. Initial functional diversity—both in the seed bank and aboveground—was also greater in areas that had been moderately grazed. Rainfall conditions in conjunction with this gra zing legacy led to different functional diversity patterns over time. Wet conditions led to rapid declines in functional diversity and a convergence on resource-acquisitive traits. In contrast, consecutively dry conditions maintained but did not increase functional diversity over time. As a result, grazing practices and environmental conditions that decrease functional diversity may be associated with lasting effects on the response of ecosystem functions to drought. Our results demonstrate that theorized relationships between diversity and stability are applicable and important in the context of working grazed landscapes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hallett","given":"Lauren M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}, {"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stein","given":"Claudia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Suding","given":"Katharine N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container -title":"Oecologia","id":"ITEM-5","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"831-840","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","title":"Functional diversity increases ecological stability in a grazed grassland","type":"article-journal","volume ":"183"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fa1cfce5-3550-41f4-a607-e55f3fddc03c"]},{"id":"ITEM-6","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1890/04-0922","ISBN":"9789012082754","ISSN":"00129615","PMID":"227254000001","abstract":"Humans are altering the composi tion of biological communities through a variety of activities that increase rates of species invasions and species extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components of the Earth's biodiversity cause concern for ethical and aes thetic reasons, but they also have a strong potential to alter ecosystem properties and the goods and services they provide to humanity. Ecological experiments, observations, and theoretical developments show that ecosystem properties depend greatly on bi odiversity in terms of the functional characteristics of organisms present in the ecosystem and the distribution and abundance of those organisms over space and time. Species effects act in concert with the effects of climate, resource availability, and d isturbance regimes in influencing ecosystem properties. Human activities can modify all of the above factors; here we focus on modification of these biotic controls. The scientific community has come to a broad consensus on many aspects of the relationshi p between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, including many points relevant to management of ecosystems. Further progress will require integration of knowledge about biotic and abiotic controls on ecosystem properties, how ecological communities are structured, and the forces driving species extinctions and invasions. To strengthen links to policy and management, we also need to integrate our ecological knowledge with understanding of the social and economic constraints of potential management practi ces. Understanding this complexity, while taking strong steps to minimize current losses of species, is necessary for responsible management of Earth's ecosystems and the diverse biota they contain. Based on our review of the scientific literature, we are certain of the following conclusions: 1)Species' functional characteristics strongly influence ecosystem properties. Functional characteristics operate in a variety of contexts, including effects of dominant species, keystone species', ecological enginee rs, and interactions among species (e.g., competition, facilitation, mutualism, disease, and predation). Relative abundance alone is not always a good predictor of the ecosystem-level importance of a species, as even relatively rare species (e.g., a keyst one predator) can strongly influence pathways of energy and material flows. 2) Alteration of biota in ecosystems via species invasions and extinctions caused by human acti…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hooper","given":"David U.","non-dropp ing-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chapin","given":"F. S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ewel","given":"J. J.","non-dropping-particle":"","par se-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hector","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Inchausti","given":"P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffi x":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lawton","given":"J. H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-par ticle":"","family":"Lodge","given":"D. M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Loreau","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nae ","":".","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"󳾾","":".","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ää","":".","ԴDz- pping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Symstad","given":"A. J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vandermeer","given":"J.","non-dropping-particle":" ","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wardle","given":"D. A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Monographs","id":"ITEM-6","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]] },"page":"3-35","title":"Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge","type":"article-journal","volume":"75"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=902f40bb-2a9f-44b3-9a15-538d960c9373"]},{"id":"ITEM-7","i temData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.actao.2005.08.003","ISSN":"1146609X","abstract":"Species and functional group (grasses, legumes, creeping nonlegume forbs, rosette nonlegume forbs) richness of species assemblages composed of 16 species from four functional plan t groups were manipulated to evaluate the productivity-diversity relationships in a greenhouse pot experiment. Pots were filled with sand, and supplied at two levels of nutrients. The plants were grown in monocultures, two, four, eight and 16 species mixt ures. Individual two, four, and eight species mixtures differed in the richness of functional groups. Although the two characteristics of biodiversity, i.e. species and functional group richness, were necessarily correlated, it was shown that it is possib (Cadotte et al., 2011; Gorczynski et al., 2021; Hallett et al., 2017; Hao et al., 2020; Hooper et al., 2005; Hooper & Vitousek, 1997; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman, 2001; Vallina et al., 2017) (Cadotte et al., 2011; Gorczynski et al., 2021; Hallett et al., 2017; Hao et al., 2020; Hooper et al., 2005; Hooper & Vitousek, 1997; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman, 2001; Vallina et al., 2017) (Cadotte et al., 2011; Gorczynski et al., 2021; Hallett et al., 2017; Hao et al., 2020; Hooper et al., 2005; Hooper & Vitousek, 1997; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman, 2001; Vallina et al., 2017) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01736.x","ISSN":"1461023X","PMID":"22257223","abstract":"Many studies in recent years have investigated the effects of climate change on the future of biodiver sity. In this review, we first examine the different possible effects of climate change that can operate at individual, population, species, community, ecosystem and biome scales, notably showing that species can respond to climate change challenges by sh ifting their climatic niche along three non-exclusive axes: time (e.g. phenology), space (e.g. range) and self (e.g. physiology). Then, we present the principal specificities and caveats of the most common approaches used to estimate future biodiversity a t global and sub-continental scales and we synthesise their results. Finally, we highlight several challenges for future research both in theoretical and applied realms. Overall, our review shows that current estimates are very variable, depending on the method, taxonomic group, biodiversity loss metrics, spatial scales and time periods considered. Yet, the majority of models indicate alarming consequences for biodiversity, with the worst-case scenarios leading to extinction rates that would qualify as th e sixth mass extinction in the history of the earth. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bellard","given":"Céline","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family": "Bertelsmeier","given":"Cleo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leadley","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thuiller","gi ven":"Wilfried","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Courchamp","given":"Franck","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology Letters","id":"ITEM-1","issue ":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"365-377","title":"Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity","type":"article-journal","volume":"15"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8d5c0e52-5ada-41ce-9bbd-d8aa6223c292"]},{" (Bellard et al., 2012; Dudley & Alexander, 2017; Kondratyeva et al., 2020) (Bellard et al., 2012; Dudley & Alexander, 2017; Kondratyeva et al., 2020) (Bellard et al., 2012; Dudley & Alexander, 2017; Kondratyeva et al., 2020) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/14888386.2017.1351892","ISSN":"21600651","abstract":"Agriculture is the largest contributor to biodiversity loss with expanding impacts due to changing consumption patterns and growing populations. Agriculture destroys biodiversity by converting natural habitats to intensely managed systems and by releasing pollutants, including greenhouses gases. Food value chains further amplify impacts including through energy use, transport and waste. Reducing the food system’s toll on biodiversity is a critical challenge. The ‘sparing or sharing’ debate contrasts two response pathways: intensifying agriculture to release other land for protection versus biodiversity-friendly farming over l arger areas. Most conservation policies focus on intensification and set-aside but recent research challenges these assumptions. The Global Land Outlook of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification highlights how modern farming is undermining the sustai nability of large land areas. Intensification has not solved the biodiversity crisis and has often made it worse. Effective responses must involve both producers and consumers, and require a mixture of conservation, sustainable management and restoration. Agricultural land serves many purposes beyond food production and mechanisms are needed to pay farmers for wider stewardship of land resources. A multifunctional landscape approach balances different needs at a landscape scale while incorporating site-le vel specificity on land use, demand, and condition. At the same time, consumers play a critical role in reducing unsustainable food waste. Many of the techniques and strategies for biodiversity-friendly farming systems exist; the challenge is to bring the m to scale.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dudley","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alexander","given":"Sasha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffi x":""}],"container-title":"Biodiversity","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"45-49","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Agriculture and biodiversity: a review","type":"article-journal","volume":"18"},"uris":["http:// www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2d8c28d6-b8c6-4098-bdf6-2eeab7403133"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Dudley & Alexander, 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dudley & Alexander, 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dudley & Alexander, 2017)"},"p roperties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dudley & Alexander, 2017) (Dudley & Alexander, 2017) (Dudley & Alexander, 2017) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"RESUMEN. Numerosos textos y artículos proporcionan guías sobre cómo escribir artículos académicos. El objetivo de este documento, en particular, consiste en centrarse en las técni cas más recientes al respecto que pueden ser consideradas por los autores a la hora de escribir o revisar textos. Utilizando ejemplos mayoritariamente sacados de los números recientes de International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology (IJCHP), se comentan nuevas aproximaciones a la presentación de títulos, resúmenes, orientaciones para la lectura, introducciones, métodos, resultados, tablas, figuras y conclusiones. Es más, dónde resulta apropiado, se hace referencia a las posibles diferencias en l os estilos de autores españoles y anglosajones, dado que IJCHP publica artículos en ambos idiomas. Parece que hay varias maneras de mejorar este aspecto particular de escritura académica, aunque algunas de éstas pueden parecer más aceptables para la escri tura de los autores bien establecidos en comparación con los más novatos, sobre todo si escriben en su segundo idioma. PALABRAS CLAVE. Escritura académica. Títulos. Resumen estructurado. Cuadros de texto. ABSTRACT. Numerous texts and articles provide guid elines on how to write academic articles. The aim of this particular paper, however, is to focus on more recent techniques in this respect that authors might like to consider when they are writing and revising text. Using examples mainly drawn from recent issues of the International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology (IJCHP), I discuss new approaches to the presentation of titles, abstracts, reader 1 Los autores agradecen a Andrew Knipe por su ayuda técnica y a otros colegas quienes han ayudado en este artículo.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"publisher-place":"Washington, D.C.","tit le":"Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment","type":"report"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a17eb828-c2a0-4688-9eb0-9d292c83b4eb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)","plainTe xtFormattedCitation":"(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02048.x","ISSN":"00218901","abstract":"The goal of conservation and restoration activities is to maintain biological diversity and the ecosystem services that this diversity provides. These activities traditionally focus on the measures of species diversity that include only information on the presence and abundance of species. Yet how diversity influences ecosystem function depends on the traits and niches fil led by species. 2.Biological diversity can be quantified in ways that account for functional and phenotypic differences. A number of such measures of functional diversity (FD) have been created, quantifying the distribution of traits in a community or the relative magnitude of species similarities and differences. We review FD measures and why they are intuitively useful for understanding ecological patterns and are important for management. 3.In order for FD to be meaningful and worth measuring, it must be correlated with ecosystem function, and it should provide information above and beyond what species richness or diversity can explain. We review these two propositions, examining whether the strength of the correlation between FD and species richness v aries across differing environmental gradients and whether FD offers greater explanatory power of ecosystem function than species richness. 4.Previous research shows that the relationship between FD and richness is complex and context dependent. Different functional traits can show individual responses to different gradients, meaning that important changes in diversity can occur with minimal change in richness. Further, FD can explain variation in ecosystem function even when richness does not. 5.Synthesi s and applications. FD measures those aspects of diversity that potentially affect community assembly and function. Given this explanatory power, FD should be incorporated into conservation and restoration decision-making, especially for those efforts att empting to reconstruct or preserve healthy, functioning ecosystems. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cadotte","given":"Marc W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse -names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carscadden","given":"Kelly","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mirotchnick","given":"Nicholas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names" :false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"1079-1087","title":"Beyond species: Functional diversity and the maintenance of ecological processes and services","ty pe":"article-journal","volume":"48"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fd4da386-8f9d-432a-b7a2-62c414e2ced4"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.0704716104","ISSN":"00278424","PMID":"18093933","abstract":"Global environmental c hange affects the sustained provision of a wide set of ecosystem services. Although the delivery of ecosystem services is strongly affected by abiotic drivers and direct land use effects, it is also modulated by the functional diversity of biological comm unities (the value, range, and relative abundance of functional traits in a given ecosystem). The focus of this article is on integrating the different possible mechanisms by which functional diversity affects ecosystem properties that are directly releva nt to ecosystem services. We propose a systematic way for progressing in understanding how land cover change affects these ecosystem properties through functional diversity modifications. Models on links between ecosystem properties and the local mean, ra nge, and distribution of plant trait values are numerous, but they have been scattered in the literature, with varying degrees of empirical support and varying functional diversity components analyzed. Here we articulate these different components in a si ngle conceptual and methodological framework that allows testing them in combination. We illustrate our approach with examples from the literature and apply the proposed framework to a grassland system in the central French Alps in which functional divers ity, by responding to land use change, alters the provision of ecosystem services important to local stakeholders. We claim that our framework contributes to opening a new area of research at the interface of land change science and fundamental ecology. © 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Díaz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel","given":"Sandra","non-dropping -貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"","":"Գ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"ٱ","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ϳéپ","":"󲹲","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":" ","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grigulis","given":"Karl","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Robson","given":"T. Matthew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-name s":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"52","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"20684-20689","title":"Incorporating plant functional diversity effects in ecosystem service assessments","type":"article-journal","volume":"104"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7fbda604-94bd-4df2-96b5-a4c8af2a73f6"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/1365-2745.12031","ISSN":"00220477","abst ract":"The prominent new place of ecosystem services in environmental policy, land management and land planning requires that the best ecological knowledge be applied to ecosystem service quantification. Given strong evidence that functional diversity und erpins the delivery of key ecosystem services, assessments of these services may progress rapidly using a trait-based approach. The trait-based approach shows promising results, especially for plant trait effects on primary production and some processes a ssociated with carbon and nitrogen cycling in grasslands. However, there is a need to extend the proof of concept for a wider range of ecosystems and ecosystem services and to incorporate not only the functional characteristics of plants but those of othe r organisms with which plants interact for the provision of ecosystem services. The five papers in this Special Feature illustrate how some of the key conceptual and methodological challenges can be resolved, and provide a range of case studies across thr ee continents. Relevant plant functional traits depict different axes of variation including stature, the leaf economics spectrum, and associated or independent variations in root or stem traits. The application of the trait approach to ecosystem processe s underpinned by interactions between plants and other biota is illustrated for soil micro-organisms and granivorous invertebrates. There is strong evidence for the biomass ratio hypothesis (i.e. prevalent effects of the traits of dominant species through the community-weighted mean), along with less prevalent and more complex effects of heterogeneous trait values between species (i.e. functional divergence). Synthesis. Together, the five papers in this Special Feature illustrate how trait-based approache s may help elucidate the complexity of ecological mechanisms operating in the field to determine ecosystem service delivery. To address scientific and management questions about the provision of multiple services, progress is needed in understanding how f unctional trade-offs and synergies within organisms scale up to interactions between ecosystem services. Service-oriented ecosystem management within the context of global change, or ecological restoration, remains a major challenge, but trait-based under standing opens new avenues towards more generic, integrated approaches. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Ecology © 2013 British Ecological Society.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-name s":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Ecology","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"4-8","title":"Plant functional effects on ecosystem services","type":"article-journal","volume":"101"},"uris":["http://www.m endeley.com/documents/?uuid=3baf6d39-5985-408e-9ec5-1d0f3de25541"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cadotte et al., 2011; Díaz, Lavorel, De Bello, et al., 2007; Lavorel, 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cadotte et al., 2011; Díaz, Lavorel, De Bell o, et al., 2007; Lavorel, 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Cadotte et al., 2011; Díaz, Lavorel, De Bello, et al., 2007; Lavorel, 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation .json"} (Cadotte et al., 2011; Díaz, Lavorel, De Bello, et al., 2007; Lavorel, 2013) (Cadotte et al., 2011; Díaz, Lavorel, De Bello, et al., 2007; Lavorel, 2013) (Cadotte et al., 2011; Díaz, Lavorel, De Bello, et al., 2007; Lavorel, 2013) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10457-009-9229-7","ISSN":"01674366","abstract":"Agroforestry systems are believed to provide a number of ecosystem services; however, until recently evidence in the agroforest ry literature supporting these perceived benefits has been lacking. This special issue brings together a series of papers from around the globe to address recent findings on the ecosystem services and environmental benefits provided by agroforestry. As pr elude to the special issue, this paper examines four major ecosystem services and environmental benefits of agroforestry: (1) carbon sequestration, (2) biodiversity conservation, (3) soil enrichment and (4) air and water quality. Past and present evidence clearly indicates that agroforestry, as part of a multifunctional working landscape, can be a viable land-use option that, in addition to alleviating poverty, offers a number of ecosystem services and environmental benefits. This realization should help promote agroforestry and its role as an integral part of a multifunctional working landscape the world over. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jose","given":"Shibu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-n ames":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Agroforestry Systems","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"1-10","title":"Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: An overview","type":"article-journal","v olume":"76"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b3fdd300-884e-4ac1-b928-48b858836ce0"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.5558/tfc67254-3","ISSN":"00157546","abstract":"A long-term study was initiated in northwest Missouri to evaluate the financial and biological aspects of adopting agroforestry systems by area farmers. Three \"representative farms' of different sizes containing a composite mix of the most common soils in the region were developed and several agroforestry sytems along wit h terracing and grass stripcropping were simulated for each farm size to reduce soil erosion from typical crop rotations on the highly erodible soils to tolerance levels. Trees were planted in strips on the contour within row crops for each of the three r epresentative farm sizes. Tree species included were black walnut for timber and nuts, Scotch pine for Christmas trees, and American sycamore for industrial fuelwood. Agroforestry enterprises (except biomass production) were found to be more profitable ov er the long run than conventional cropping systems utilizing conservation measures. Economies of size were noticeable among the different farm sizes. -Authors","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kurtz","given":"W. B.","non-dropping-particle":""," parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thurman","given":"S. E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Monson","given":"M. J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false ,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Garrett","given":"H. E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Forestry Chronicle","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]},"page":"254-257","tit le":"The use of agroforestry to control erosion - financial aspects","type":"article-journal","volume":"67"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a142047c-928f-4f3d-b661-f41ea9a2d5be"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Jose, 2009; Kurtz et a l., 1991)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Jose, 2009; Kurtz et al., 1991)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Jose, 2009; Kurtz et al., 1991)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.j son"} (Jose, 2009; Kurtz et al., 1991) (Jose, 2009; Kurtz et al., 1991) (Jose, 2009; Kurtz et al., 1991) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10457-018-0270-2","ISBN":"0123456789","ISSN":"15729680","abstract":"Windbreaks were originally promoted across the U.S. Great Plains to reduce wind erosion. A review paper pub lished nearly 30 years ago showed yield increases for a variety of crops associated with windbreaks. However, with the widespread use of no-till cropping systems and advanced crop genetics, the question is “Do windbreaks still provide a yield benefit?” Th is study compared data from protected and unprotected fields over multiple years across Kansas and Nebraska looking at relative soybean (Glycine max L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield differences. Farmer’s pre-existing georeferenced data, g enerated by automated combine yield monitors, were analyzed with ArcGIS 10.3.1 to visualize windbreak interaction with crop yield. Statistics were conducted to determine if the yield in protected areas of the field was significantly different from the yie ld in unprotected areas. Also, yield loss was estimated from the windbreak footprint to assess if yield increases were enough to compensate for the area taken out of crop production. Results showed: soybeans (57 crop/years) presented the most positive res ponse to windbreak effect with significant yield increases 46% of the time, with a 16% (283 kg ha−1) average yield increase. Wheat (44 crop/years) yield increases were significant 30% of the time, with a 10% (319 kg ha−1) average yield increase. Narrow wi ndbreaks (1–2 tree rows, average width of 13 m) and those on the north edge of fields resulted in yield increases that compensated for the footprint of the windbreak more often (71%) than wider windbreaks on the south edges of fields (38%).","author":[{"d ropping-particle":"","family":"Osorio","given":"Raúl J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barden","given":"Charles J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-part icle":"","family":"Ciampitti","given":"Ignacio A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Agroforestry Systems","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1567-1576","title":"GIS approach to estimate windbreak crop yield effects in Kansas–Nebraska","type":"article-journal","volume":"93"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e4c90e13-b2bc-498b-b998-070cd4195b7b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Osorio et al., 2019)","plainTe xtFormattedCitation":"(Osorio et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Osorio et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Osorio et al., 2019) (Osorio et al., 2019) (Osorio et al., 2019) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10457-018-0270-2","ISBN":"0123456789","ISSN":"15729680","abstract":"Windbreaks were originally promoted across the U.S. Great Plains to reduce wind erosion. A review paper pub lished nearly 30 years ago showed yield increases for a variety of crops associated with windbreaks. However, with the widespread use of no-till cropping systems and advanced crop genetics, the question is “Do windbreaks still provide a yield benefit?” Th is study compared data from protected and unprotected fields over multiple years across Kansas and Nebraska looking at relative soybean (Glycine max L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield differences. Farmer’s pre-existing georeferenced data, g enerated by automated combine yield monitors, were analyzed with ArcGIS 10.3.1 to visualize windbreak interaction with crop yield. Statistics were conducted to determine if the yield in protected areas of the field was significantly different from the yie ld in unprotected areas. Also, yield loss was estimated from the windbreak footprint to assess if yield increases were enough to compensate for the area taken out of crop production. Results showed: soybeans (57 crop/years) presented the most positive res ponse to windbreak effect with significant yield increases 46% of the time, with a 16% (283 kg ha−1) average yield increase. Wheat (44 crop/years) yield increases were significant 30% of the time, with a 10% (319 kg ha−1) average yield increase. Narrow wi ndbreaks (1–2 tree rows, average width of 13 m) and those on the north edge of fields resulted in yield increases that compensated for the footprint of the windbreak more often (71%) than wider windbreaks on the south edges of fields (38%).","author":[{"d ropping-particle":"","family":"Osorio","given":"Raúl J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Barden","given":"Charles J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-part icle":"","family":"Ciampitti","given":"Ignacio A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Agroforestry Systems","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"page":"1567-1576","title":"GIS approach to estimate windbreak crop yield effects in Kansas–Nebraska","type":"article-journal","volume":"93"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e4c90e13-b2bc-498b-b998-070cd4195b7b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Osorio et al., 2019)","manualF ormatting":"Osorio et al. (2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Osorio et al., 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Osorio et al., 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation. (Osorio et al., 2019) (Osorio et al., 2019) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.005","ISSN":"13601385","PMID":"28209328","abstract":"Decline of ecosystem services has triggered numerous studies aiming at developing more sustainable agricu ltural management practices. Some agricultural practices may improve soil properties by expanding plant biodiversity. However, sustainable management of agroecosystems should be performed from a functional plant trait perspective. Advances in functional e cology, especially plant functional trait effects on ecosystem processes and services, provide pivotal knowledge for ecological intensification of agriculture; this approach acknowledges that a crop field is an agroecosystem whose ecological processes inf luence soil properties. We highlight the links between plant functional traits and soil properties in relation to four major ecosystem processes involved in vital ecosystem services: food production, crop protection, climate change mitigation, and soil an d water conservation, aiming towards ecological intensification of sustainable agricultural and soil management.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Faucon","given":"Michel Pierre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dro pping-particle":"","family":"Houben","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lambers","given":"Hans","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Tren ds in Plant Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"385-394","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Plant Functional Traits: Soil and Ecosystem Services","type":"article-journal","volume":"22"},"uris":["http://www.mendel ey.com/documents/?uuid=c3e262a9-d538-4733-ab5d-b8ce018e1749"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Faucon et al., 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Faucon et al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Faucon et al., 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0 },"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Faucon et al., 2017) (Faucon et al., 2017) (Faucon et al., 2017) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10457-009-9229-7","ISSN":"01674366","abstract":"Agroforestry systems are believed to provide a number of ecosystem services; however, until recently evidence in the agroforest ry literature supporting these perceived benefits has been lacking. This special issue brings together a series of papers from around the globe to address recent findings on the ecosystem services and environmental benefits provided by agroforestry. As pr elude to the special issue, this paper examines four major ecosystem services and environmental benefits of agroforestry: (1) carbon sequestration, (2) biodiversity conservation, (3) soil enrichment and (4) air and water quality. Past and present evidence clearly indicates that agroforestry, as part of a multifunctional working landscape, can be a viable land-use option that, in addition to alleviating poverty, offers a number of ecosystem services and environmental benefits. This realization should help promote agroforestry and its role as an integral part of a multifunctional working landscape the world over. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jose","given":"Shibu","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-n ames":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Agroforestry Systems","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"1-10","title":"Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: An overview","type":"article-journal","v olume":"76"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b3fdd300-884e-4ac1-b928-48b858836ce0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Jose, 2009)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Jose, 2009)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Jose, 2009)"},"properties":{" noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jose, 2009) (Jose, 2009) (Jose, 2009) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1186/s13750-018-0120-8","ISBN":"1375001801208","ISSN":"20472382","abstract":"Background: Agricultural intensification has contributed to increased diffuse source pollution within wa ter catchments, reduced heterogeneity within the landscape and caused major declines in farmland wildlife. This decrease in biodiversity has been shown to decrease vital ecosystem services such as pollination, biological pest control (bio-control) and wat er quality protection. The morphological traits of plant species, such as floral display size and leaf area, provide support to these services and vegetative strips can be established with plants that have these desirable traits to try and restore ecosyst em service support to farmland. Vegetative strips are widely used across the world, especially in Europe, however, there is a need to increase their functionality due to issues of land availability and food security. To do this, combinations of plant spec ies that will support specific ecosystem services, have been developed. However, to enable a fully-informed development process, evidence must be collated on which specific plant traits provide the support to the target ecosystem services. The primary obj ective of this study was to systematically map all evidence for specific plant traits that may provide support for pollinators, bio-control and water quality protection in temperate climates. Methods: Both published and grey literature were obtained throu gh databases and NGO websites using key search terms. An initial 34,077 articles were identified with a total of 11,705 individual articles, after duplicates were removed. These were screened for inclusion based on criteria such as subject, climate and la nguage. Each article was coded into a Microsoft Access database using generic (e.g. author, publication date, study length) and topic specific (e.g. target system, organism and ecosystem service) keywords. Results: After screening 56 articles were coded i nto the systematic map. A total of 40 articles identified 37 plant traits for pollinator support, seven identified eight traits for bio-control and nine identified 26 for water quality protection. All articles were published between 1983 and 2017 and they included studies that were undertaken in 22 different countries. Discussion: This systematic mapping process produced a searchable database of literature available on plant traits and the target ecosystem services. It has highlighted that more research h as been conducted on plant traits for pollinator support than for bio-control and water quality pr…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cresswell","given":"Claire J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle ":"","family":"Cunningham","given":"Heidi M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wilcox","given":"Andrew","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","famil y":"Randall","given":"Nicola P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environmental Evidence","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"1-13","publisher":"BioMed Central","title":"What specific plant traits support ecosystem services such as pollination, bio-control and water quality protection in temperate climates? A systematic map","type":"article-journal","volume":"7"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2a77605d-3568-4 103-a4d6-e8a6579d9043"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cresswell et al., 2018)","manualFormatting":"Cresswell et al., 2018","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cresswell et al., 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Cresswell et al., 2018)"},"properties" :{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cresswell et al., 2018) (Cresswell et al., 2018) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.007","ISSN":"09593780","abstract":"The concept of Ecosystem Services (ES), widely understood as the \"benefits that humans receive from the natural function ing of healthy ecosystems\" (. Jeffers et al., 2015), depicts a one-way flow of services from ecosystems to people. We argue that this conceptualisation is overly simplistic and largely inaccurate, neglecting the reality that humans often contribute to th e maintenance and enhancement of ecosystems, as often evidenced (but not exclusively) in many traditional and Indigenous societies. Management interventions arising from Ecosystem Services research are thus potentially damaging to both ecosystems and indi genous rights. We present the concept of 'Services to Ecosystems' (S2E) to address this, closing the loop of the reciprocal relationship between humans and ecosystems. Case studies from the biocultural ecosystems of Amazonia and the Pacific Northwest of N orth America (Cascadia) are used to illustrate the concept and provide examples of Services to Ecosystems in past and current societies. Finally, an alternative framework is presented, advancing the existing framework for Ecosystem Services by incorporati ng this reconceptualization and the loop of reciprocity. The framework aims to facilitate the inclusion of Services to Ecosystems in management strategies based upon Ecosystem Services, and highlights the need for ethnographic research in Ecosystem Servic e-based interventions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Comberti","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thornton","given":"T. F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":fal se,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wylliede Echeverria","given":"V.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Patterson","given":"T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffi x":""}],"container-title":"Global Environmental Change","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"247-262","title":"Ecosystem services or services to ecosystems? Valuing cultivation and reciprocal relationships between humans and ecosystems ","type":"article-journal","volume":"34"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f4b80556-ad2c-4bd8-ac7f-dc4fe76883c0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Comberti et al., 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Comberti et al., 2015)","previousl yFormattedCitation":"(Comberti et al., 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Comberti et al., 2015) (Comberti et al., 2015) (Comberti et al., 2015) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.007","ISSN":"09593780","abstract":"The concept of Ecosystem Services (ES), widely understood as the \"benefits that humans receive from the natural function ing of healthy ecosystems\" (. Jeffers et al., 2015), depicts a one-way flow of services from ecosystems to people. We argue that this conceptualisation is overly simplistic and largely inaccurate, neglecting the reality that humans often contribute to th e maintenance and enhancement of ecosystems, as often evidenced (but not exclusively) in many traditional and Indigenous societies. Management interventions arising from Ecosystem Services research are thus potentially damaging to both ecosystems and indi genous rights. We present the concept of 'Services to Ecosystems' (S2E) to address this, closing the loop of the reciprocal relationship between humans and ecosystems. Case studies from the biocultural ecosystems of Amazonia and the Pacific Northwest of N orth America (Cascadia) are used to illustrate the concept and provide examples of Services to Ecosystems in past and current societies. Finally, an alternative framework is presented, advancing the existing framework for Ecosystem Services by incorporati ng this reconceptualization and the loop of reciprocity. The framework aims to facilitate the inclusion of Services to Ecosystems in management strategies based upon Ecosystem Services, and highlights the need for ethnographic research in Ecosystem Servic e-based interventions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Comberti","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thornton","given":"T. F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":fal se,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wylliede Echeverria","given":"V.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Patterson","given":"T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffi x":""}],"container-title":"Global Environmental Change","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"247-262","title":"Ecosystem services or services to ecosystems? Valuing cultivation and reciprocal relationships between humans and ecosystems ","type":"article-journal","volume":"34"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f4b80556-ad2c-4bd8-ac7f-dc4fe76883c0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Comberti et al., 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Comberti et al., 2015)","previousl yFormattedCitation":"(Comberti et al., 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Comberti et al., 2015) (Comberti et al., 2015) (Comberti et al., 2015) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/ece3.601","ISSN":"20457758","PMID":"24101986","abstract":"People depend on benefits provided by ecological systems. Understanding how these ecosystem services - and the ecosyst em properties underpinning them - respond to drivers of change is therefore an urgent priority. We address this challenge through developing a novel risk-assessment framework that integrates ecological and evolutionary perspectives on functional traits to determine species' effects on ecosystems and their tolerance of environmental changes. We define Specific Effect Function (SEF) as the per-gram or per capita capacity of a species to affect an ecosystem property, and Specific Response Function (SRF) as t he ability of a species to maintain or enhance its population as the environment changes. Our risk assessment is based on the idea that the security of ecosystem services depends on how effects (SEFs) and tolerances (SRFs) of organisms - which both depend on combinations of functional traits - correlate across species and how they are arranged on the species' phylogeny. Four extreme situations are theoretically possible, from minimum concern when SEF and SRF are neither correlated nor show a phylogenetic signal, to maximum concern when they are negatively correlated (i.e., the most important species are the least tolerant) and phylogenetically patterned (lacking independent backup). We illustrate the assessment with five case studies, involving both plant and animal examples. However, the extent to which the frequency of the four plausible outcomes, or their intermediates, apply more widely in real-world ecological systems is an open question that needs empirical evidence, and suggests a research agenda a t the interface of evolutionary biology and ecosystem ecology. We offer a new synthesis integrating in a single, coherent framework the evolution of organismal traits, ecosystem process and services, and their security or vulnerability in the face of spec ific kinds of environmental change. Our risk assessment integrates ecological and evolutionary perspectives on functional traits to determine species' effects on ecosystems and their tolerance of different environmental threats. Applying the assessment to five case studies, we show that the security of ecosystem services depends on how effects and tolerances of organisms - which both depend on combinations of functional traits - correlate across species and how they are arranged on the phylogenetic tree. Our framework highlights the importance of phylogenetic redundancy in species' effec…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Díaz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Purvis" ,"given":"Andy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cornelissen","given":"Johannes H.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mace","given": "Georgina M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Donoghue","given":"Michael J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ewers","given":"Robert M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jordano","given":"Pedro","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pearse","given":"William D.","non-dro pping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Evolution","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"9","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"2958-2975","title":"Functional traits, the phylogeny of function, and ecosystem service vul nerability","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c658819e-ca8b-4106-92e7-ea318c01a377"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Díaz et al., 2013)","manualFormatting":"Díaz et al. (2013)","plainTextFormattedC itation":"(Díaz et al., 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Díaz et al., 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Díaz et al., 2013) (Díaz et al., 2013) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ncon.2015.11.001","ISSN":"16790073","abstract":"Ecological investigations are increasingly using functional diversity in order to understand different patterns, such as speci es occurrence, species competitive abilities, and the influence of biological communities on ecosystem functioning. Here we provide an overview of the history and applicability of functional diversity in ecological studies. We found that the idea of funct ional diversity emerged many times and in distinct fields over the years. Functional diversity was conceived as an alternative classification to measure the ecological importance of species in a community, as well as a way to understand how biodiversity a ffects specific ecosystem functions. Gradually, new questions regarding functional traits emerged. Some examples include understanding species competitive abilities, patterns of species co-occurrence, community assembly, and the role of different traits o n ecosystem functioning. The increasing use of functional-based approaches fueled the search for new metrics aiming at accurately estimating functional diversity and, consequently, categorical-based classifications of functional traits have been gradually replaced by continuous multi-trait approaches. More recently, the role of functional diversity was recognized as a key factor to maintain important functions and services of ecosystems. We present empirical evidence supporting this statement.","author":[ {"dropping-particle":"","family":"Laureto","given":"Livia Maira Orlandi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cianciaruso","given":"Marcus Vinicius","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"s uffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Samia","given":"Diogo Soares Menezes","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Natureza e Conservacao","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page": "112-116","publisher":"Associação Brasileira de Ciência Ecológica e Conservação","title":"Functional diversity: An overview of its history and applicability","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e5670f85 -919e-4044-8120-8aeafce65228"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Laureto et al., 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Laureto et al., 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Laureto et al., 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.c om/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Laureto et al., 2015) (Laureto et al., 2015) (Laureto et al., 2015) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/1365-2664.13644","ISSN":"13652664","abstract":"Functional traits offer promising avenues to investigate how community composition and diversity define ecosystem functioning and service delivery. In recent years, many empirical studies on the importance of functional traits for ecosystem service provisioning have been undertaken, but a general understanding and synthesis of results is lacking for many ecosystems. Here we focus o n temperate grasslands and present a systematic literature review synthesizing how plant functional traits are interrelated with ecosystem services. Based on 108 studies, we identified a core set of 40 functional traits and 11 ecosystem services. Several of these traits were only linked to one, while 75% of traits were linked to two or more ecosystem services. We found that trait-specific constraints can lead to both synergies and trade-offs in the supply of multiple ecosystem services. For instance, syne rgies between biomass production and climate regulation can be achieved by changing morphometric root traits such as increasing root diameter, tissue density or shoot to root ratio. On the other hand, supporting fast-growing exploitative species character ized by high specific leaf area and nitrogen content typically leads to trade-offs between fodder quality and water purification. Synthesis and applications. By applying network analysis, we found five groups of ecosystem services sharing common functiona l traits. Within and among these groups, we identified trade-offs among traits as well as among services and found options for synergies. These can be particularly useful in landscape planning, and when management aims focus on maintaining multifunctional ity of ecosystems and maximizing corresponding ecosystem service delivery.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hanisch","given":"Mario","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schweiger","give n":"Oliver","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cord","given":"Anna F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Volk","given":"Martin","non-dro pping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Knapp","given":"Sonja","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"8","issued":{"d ate-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1535-1550","title":"Plant functional traits shape multiple ecosystem services, their trade-offs and synergies in grasslands","type":"article-journal","volume":"57"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f312d62c-9 dbb-4dc8-8a1b-275690fd86ec"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hanisch et al., 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hanisch et al., 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hanisch et al., 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com /citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hanisch et al., 2020) (Hanisch et al., 2020) (Hanisch et al., 2020) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1890/04-0922","ISBN":"9789012082754","ISSN":"00129615","PMID":"227254000001","abstract":"Humans are altering the composition of biological communities through a variety of activitie s that increase rates of species invasions and species extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components of the Earth's biodiversity cause concern for ethical and aesthetic reasons, but they also have a strong potential to alte r ecosystem properties and the goods and services they provide to humanity. Ecological experiments, observations, and theoretical developments show that ecosystem properties depend greatly on biodiversity in terms of the functional characteristics of orga nisms present in the ecosystem and the distribution and abundance of those organisms over space and time. Species effects act in concert with the effects of climate, resource availability, and disturbance regimes in influencing ecosystem properties. Human activities can modify all of the above factors; here we focus on modification of these biotic controls. The scientific community has come to a broad consensus on many aspects of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, including m any points relevant to management of ecosystems. Further progress will require integration of knowledge about biotic and abiotic controls on ecosystem properties, how ecological communities are structured, and the forces driving species extinctions and in vasions. To strengthen links to policy and management, we also need to integrate our ecological knowledge with understanding of the social and economic constraints of potential management practices. Understanding this complexity, while taking strong steps to minimize current losses of species, is necessary for responsible management of Earth's ecosystems and the diverse biota they contain. Based on our review of the scientific literature, we are certain of the following conclusions: 1)Species' functional characteristics strongly influence ecosystem properties. Functional characteristics operate in a variety of contexts, including effects of dominant species, keystone species', ecological engineers, and interactions among species (e.g., competition, facili tation, mutualism, disease, and predation). Relative abundance alone is not always a good predictor of the ecosystem-level importance of a species, as even relatively rare species (e.g., a keystone predator) can strongly influence pathways of energy and m aterial flows. 2) Alteration of biota in ecosystems via species invasions and extinctions caused by human acti…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hooper","given":"David U.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping- particle":"","family":"Chapin","given":"F. S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ewel","given":"J. 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A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Monographs","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"3-35","title":"Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge","type":"article-journal","volume":"75"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=902f40bb-2a9f-44b3-9a15-538d960c9373"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISBN":"9783540327301","author":[{"dropping-particl ":"","ڲ":"í","":"Ի","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ǰ","":"Ի","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":" (Díaz, Lavorel, Chapin III, et al., 2007; Hooper et al., 2005) (Díaz, Lavorel, Chapin III, et al., 2007; Hooper et al., 2005) (Díaz, Lavorel, Chapin III, et al., 2007; Hooper et al., 2005) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9783540327301","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Díaz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel ","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chapin III","given":"F. 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The LMA can be broken down into the leaf density (LD) and leaf volume to area ratio (LVA or thickness), which in turn are determined by anatomical tissues and c hemical composition. The aim of this study is to understand the anatomical and chemical characteristics related to LMA variation in species growing in the field along a water availability gradient. We determined LMA and its components (LD, LVA and anatomi cal tissues) for 34 Mediterranean (20 evergreen and 14 deciduous) woody species. Variation in LMA was due to variation in both LD and LVA. For both deciduous and evergreen species LVA variation was strongly and positively related with mesophyll volume per area (VA or thickness), but for evergreen species positive relationships of LVA with the VA of epidermis, vascular plus sclerenchyma tissues and air spaces were found as well. The leaf carbon concentration was positively related with mesophyll VA in deci duous species, and with VA of vascular plus sclerenchymatic tissues in evergreens. Species occurring at the sites with lower water availability were generally characterised by a high LMA and LD.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"La Riva","given ":"Enrique G.","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Olmo","given":"Manuel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Poorter","given":"Hendrik", "non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ubera","given":"José Luis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Villar","given":"Rafael","non-dropping-p article":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS ONE","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1-18","title":"Leaf mass per area (LMA) and its relationship with leaf structure and anatomy in 34 mediterranea n woody species along a water availability gradient","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9d718e12-638d-45c7-85c5-8b31b6dc348a"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02830.x","ISSN ":"0028646X","PMID":"19434804","abstract":"Here, we analysed a wide range of literature data on the leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA). In nature, LMA varies more than 100-fold among species. Part of this variation (c. 35%) can be ascribed to differences b etween functional groups, with evergreen species having the highest LMA, but most of the variation is within groups or biomes. When grown in the same controlled environment, leaf succulents and woody evergreen, perennial or slow-growing species have inher (De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2009) (De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2009) (De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2009) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0148788","ISSN":"19326203","PMID":"26867213","abstract":"Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a morphological trait widely used as a good indicator of plant functioning (i. e. photosynthetic and respiratory rates, chemical composition, resistance to herbivory, etc.). The LMA can be broken down into the leaf density (LD) and leaf volume to area ratio (LVA or thickness), which in turn are determined by anatomical tissues and c hemical composition. The aim of this study is to understand the anatomical and chemical characteristics related to LMA variation in species growing in the field along a water availability gradient. We determined LMA and its components (LD, LVA and anatomi cal tissues) for 34 Mediterranean (20 evergreen and 14 deciduous) woody species. Variation in LMA was due to variation in both LD and LVA. For both deciduous and evergreen species LVA variation was strongly and positively related with mesophyll volume per area (VA or thickness), but for evergreen species positive relationships of LVA with the VA of epidermis, vascular plus sclerenchyma tissues and air spaces were found as well. The leaf carbon concentration was positively related with mesophyll VA in deci duous species, and with VA of vascular plus sclerenchymatic tissues in evergreens. Species occurring at the sites with lower water availability were generally characterised by a high LMA and LD.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"La Riva","given ":"Enrique G.","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Olmo","given":"Manuel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Poorter","given":"Hendrik", "non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ubera","given":"José Luis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Villar","given":"Rafael","non-dropping-p article":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS ONE","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1-18","title":"Leaf mass per area (LMA) and its relationship with leaf structure and anatomy in 34 mediterranea n woody species along a water availability gradient","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9d718e12-638d-45c7-85c5-8b31b6dc348a"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02830.x","ISSN ":"0028646X","PMID":"19434804","abstract":"Here, we analysed a wide range of literature data on the leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA). In nature, LMA varies more than 100-fold among species. Part of this variation (c. 35%) can be ascribed to differences b (De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2009) (De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2009) (De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2009) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ncon.2015.11.001","ISSN":"16790073","abstract":"Ecological investigations are increasingly using functional diversity in order to understand different patterns, such as speci es occurrence, species competitive abilities, and the influence of biological communities on ecosystem functioning. Here we provide an overview of the history and applicability of functional diversity in ecological studies. We found that the idea of funct ional diversity emerged many times and in distinct fields over the years. Functional diversity was conceived as an alternative classification to measure the ecological importance of species in a community, as well as a way to understand how biodiversity a ffects specific ecosystem functions. Gradually, new questions regarding functional traits emerged. Some examples include understanding species competitive abilities, patterns of species co-occurrence, community assembly, and the role of different traits o n ecosystem functioning. The increasing use of functional-based approaches fueled the search for new metrics aiming at accurately estimating functional diversity and, consequently, categorical-based classifications of functional traits have been gradually replaced by continuous multi-trait approaches. More recently, the role of functional diversity was recognized as a key factor to maintain important functions and services of ecosystems. We present empirical evidence supporting this statement.","author":[ {"dropping-particle":"","family":"Laureto","given":"Livia Maira Orlandi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cianciaruso","given":"Marcus Vinicius","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"s uffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Samia","given":"Diogo Soares Menezes","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Natureza e Conservacao","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page": "112-116","publisher":"Associação Brasileira de Ciência Ecológica e Conservação","title":"Functional diversity: An overview of its history and applicability","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e5670f85 -919e-4044-8120-8aeafce65228"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/9780470015902.a0026282","ISBN":"9780470015902","abstract":"Functional traits are morphological, biochemical, physiological, structural, phenological or behavioural characteristics o f organisms that influence performance or fitness. Grouping species by functional characteristics is a long-standing idea, but there has more recently been rapid development in the application of trait-based approaches to diverse topics in ecology. Two co mmon applications of functional traits are to characterise community responses to changes in the environment, including community assembly processes, and to quantify the influence of community shifts on ecosystem processes. Practical decisions include: Wh at types of traits should be considered? How can traits be measured or inferred? Are traits correlated or traded-off? Which, and how many, traits should be assessed? How should trait data be analysed? Functional trait approaches enhance ecological underst anding by focusing on the mechanisms that govern interactions between organisms and their environments. Measuring and understanding traits increases our understanding of ecological processes, thus also informing conservation and restoration. Key Concepts Key Concepts * Functional traits are morphological, biochemical, physiological, structural, phenological or behavioural characteristics that influence organism performance or fitness. * Traits can be broadly classified either as having an effect on ecosys tem properties and the services that human societies derive from them, or as characterising a response to environmental change or with respect to processes affecting community assembly. * Common data types for traits include continuous, categorical, ordin al and binary variable formats. The data type has repercussions for subsequent data analyses. * Methods for measuring traits vary from time-consuming (hard traits) to rapid (soft traits), and in turn the information content of the resulting data also vari es. * Trait syndromes describe patterns of inter-trait correlation that define differences and trade-offs in ecological strategies. * When choosing traits for calculating functional diversity it is important to consider which, and how many, traits are inc luded, as well as what insights they will provide into the ecosystem processes, community structure or assembly processes under consideration. * Functional traits are at the forefront of efforts to develop a mechanistic understanding of how species divers ity influences ecosystem functioning, and the current ecological literature pres…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nock","given":"Charles A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vogt","g (Laureto et al., 2015; Nock et al., 2016) biodiversity, i.e. species and functional group richness, were necessarily correlated, it was shown that it is possible to separate their effect statistically, and also test for their common effect without pronounced loss of test power. There was a prono unced increase of average aboveground biomass and a mild increase in belowground biomass with biodiversity. The effect of functional group richness was more pronounced than the effect of the number of species. By using the method of Loreau and Hector (Nat ure 411 (2001) 72), selection and complementarity effects were statistically separated, and the overyielding index was calculated as a ratio of the productivity of a mixture to the productivity of its most productive component (to demonstrate transgressiv e overyielding). Positive values of complementarity and transgressive overyielding were both found, particularly in some rich communities and under high nutrient levels. Complementarity significantly increased only with functional group richness and mainl y under high nutrients in the belowground biomass. Some species, when grown in monocultures, had decreased productivity under higher nutrients, and thus were more productive in mixtures than in monocultures. It seems that those species suffered from too h igh nutrient levels when grown in monocultures, but not in the presence of other species, which were able to use the nutrients in high concentrations and effectively decrease the nutrient levels. As a consequence, mixtures of high diversity were always mo re productive under high nutrients. The difference in species proportions between high and low nutrients, characterized by chord distance, increased with species richness. The relative change in productivity decreased with the number of functional groups. This suggests that species richness might lead to stabilization of aggregate characteristics (like total productivity) under changing enviro…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lanta","given":"Vojtěch","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":f alse,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lepš","given":"Jan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Acta Oecologica","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"85-96","title":"E ffect of functional group richness and species richness in manipulated productivity-diversity studies: A glasshouse pot experiment","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b613a71c-70cd-4858-b39a-ab6ac80b93 6f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cadotte et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2019; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman et al., 1997)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cadotte et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2019; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman et al., 1997)","previouslyForm attedCitation":"(Cadotte et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2019; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman et al., 1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} le to separate their effect statistically, and also test for their common effect without pronounced loss of test power. There was a pronounced increase of average aboveground biomass and a mild increase in belowground biomass with biodiversity. The effect of functional group richness was more pronounced than the effect of the number of species. By using the method of Loreau and Hector (Nature 411 (2001) 72), selection and complementarity effects were statistically separated, and the overyielding index was calculated as a ratio of the productivity of a mixture to the productivity of its most productive component (to demonstrate transgressive overyielding). Positive values of complementarity and transgressive overyielding were both found, particularly in so me rich communities and under high nutrient levels. Complementarity significantly increased only with functional group richness and mainly under high nutrients in the belowground biomass. Some species, when grown in monocultures, had decreased productivit y under higher nutrients, and thus were more productive in mixtures than in monocultures. It seems that those species suffered from too high nutrient levels when grown in monocultures, but not in the presence of other species, which were able to use the n utrients in high concentrations and effectively decrease the nutrient levels. As a consequence, mixtures of high diversity were always more productive under high nutrients. The difference in species proportions between high and low nutrients, characterize d by chord distance, increased with species richness. The relative change in productivity decreased with the number of functional groups. This suggests that species richness might lead to stabilization of aggregate characteristics (like total productivity ) under changing enviro…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lanta","given":"Vojtěch","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lepš","given":"Jan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false ,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Acta Oecologica","id":"ITEM-7","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"85-96","title":"Effect of functional group richness and species richness in manipulated productivity-diversity studies: A glasshouse po t experiment","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b613a71c-70cd-4858-b39a-ab6ac80b936f"]},{"id":"ITEM-8","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/b0-12-226865-2/00132-2","abstract":"A microbial community showing dive rse respiratory processes was identified within an arsenic-rich, ferruginous shallow marine hydrothermal sediment (20-40 degrees C, pH 6.0-6.3) in Santorini, Greece. Analyses showed that ferric iron reduction with depth was broadly accompanied by manganes e and arsenic reduction and FeS accumulation. Clone library analyses indicated the suboxic-anoxic transition zone sediment contained abundant Fe(III)- and sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria, whereas the overlying surface sediment was dominated by clones related to the Fe(II)-oxidizing zetaproteobacterium, Mariprofundus ferroxydans. Cultures obtained from the transition zone were enriched in bacteria that reduced Fe(III), nitrate, sulfate and As(V) using acetate or lactate as electron donors. In the abse nce of added organic carbon, bacteria were enriched that oxidized Fe(II) anaerobically or microaerobically, sulfide microaerobically and aerobically and As(III) aerobically. According to 16S rRNA gene analyses, enriched bacteria represented a phylogenetic ally wide distribution. Most probable number counts indicated an abundance of nitrate-, As(V)- and Fe(III)((s,aq))-reducers, and dissolved sulfide-oxidizers over sulfate-reducers, and FeS-, As(III)- and nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidisers in the transition zone. It is noteworthy that the combined community and geochemical data imply near-surface microbial iron and arsenic redox cycling were dominant biogeochemical processes.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tilman","given":"David","non-dropping -particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Encyclopedia of Biodiversity","id":"ITEM-8","issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]},"page":"109-120","publisher":"Academic Press","title":"Functional Diversity","type":"chapter","volume":"3"}," uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=010006d2-89c0-407f-8f60-826fe386b308"]},{"id":"ITEM-9","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02048.x","ISSN":"00218901","abstract":"The goal of conservation and restoration activities is to maintain bi ological diversity and the ecosystem services that this diversity provides. These activities traditionally focus on the measures of species diversity that include only information on the presence and abundance of species. Yet how diversity influences ecos ystem function depends on the traits and niches filled by species. 2.Biological diversity can be quantified in ways that account for functional and phenotypic differences. A number of such measures of functional diversity (FD) have been created, quantifyi ng the distribution of traits in a community or the relative magnitude of species similarities and differences. We review FD measures and why they are intuitively useful for understanding ecological patterns and are important for management. 3.In order fo r FD to be meaningful and worth measuring, it must be correlated with ecosystem function, and it should provide information above and beyond what species richness or diversity can explain. We review these two propositions, examining whether the strength o f the correlation between FD and species richness varies across differing environmental gradients and whether FD offers greater explanatory power of ecosystem function than species richness. 4.Previous research shows that the relationship between FD and r ichness is complex and context dependent. Different functional traits can show individual responses to different gradients, meaning that important changes in diversity can occur with minimal change in richness. Further, FD can explain variation in ecosyst em function even when richness does not. 5.Synthesis and applications. FD measures those aspects of diversity that potentially affect community assembly and function. Given this explanatory power, FD should be incorporated into conservation and restoratio n decision-making, especially for those efforts attempting to reconstruct or preserve healthy, functioning ecosystems. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cadotte", "given":"Marc W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Carscadden","given":"Kelly","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mirotchnick","given": "Nicholas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology","id":"ITEM-9","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"1079-1087","title":"Beyond species: Functional diversity and the ma intenance of ecological processes and services","type":"article-journal","volume":"48"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fd4da386-8f9d-432a-b7a2-62c414e2ced4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cadotte et al., 2011; Gorczynski et al., 20 21; Hallett et al., 2017; Hao et al., 2020; Hooper et al., 2005; Hooper & Vitousek, 1997; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman, 2001; Vallina et al., 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cadotte et al., 2011; Gorczynski et al., 2021; Hallett et al., 2017; Hao et a l., 2020; Hooper et al., 2005; Hooper & Vitousek, 1997; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman, 2001; Vallina et al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Cadotte et al., 2011; Gorczynski et al., 2021; Hallett et al., 2017; Hao et al., 2020; Hooper et al., 2005; Ho oper & Vitousek, 1997; Lanta & Lepš, 2006; Tilman, 2001; Vallina et al., 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.3389/fevo.2020.00073","ISSN":"2296701X","abstract":"Urbanization is one of the most intensive and rapid human-driven factors that threat biodiversity. Finding an indicator of species community responses to urbanization i s crucial for predicting the consequences of anthropogenic land cover changes. Here, we develop a framework that relies on functional originality. A species is original or equivalently distinct, regarding its traits, if it possesses rare trait values in a community of species. The most original species have the greatest contributions to the trait diversity of that community. We studied plant species originality, in light of observed changes in the level of species richness, along an urbanization gradient in the region of Paris, France. To evaluate potential impacts of urbanization on species assemblages, we simultaneously considered the local community and regional pool as reference scales where to calculate the originality of each species. Then, for each community, we calculated the mean and skewness of local and regional originalities and the ratio of local to regional originality, providing indication on how functionally diverse a community is, how original it is compared to other communities of the re gion, how evenly distributed species were in the local and regional functional space, and whether regionally-redundant species become original locally due to limiting similarity. The mean functional originality increased with urbanization at both local an d regional scales, although this increase vanished in communities with high species richness. The skewness of originalities increased from zero to positive values with species richness in built-up areas and the ratio of local-to-regional originality incre asing along the urbanization gradient, except in species-rich communities. Here our results suggest that urban plant communities are composed of both locally and regionally unique urbanophile species, suggesting processes that limit niche overlap to allow species coexistence. In richer communities, these unique species coexist with regionally-redundant species the occurrence of which could be stochastic. Our conceptual framework shows that species originality can inform on environmental processes that inf luence biodiversity during community assembly. It is flexible enough to be extended to other regions and other contexts complementing diversity metrics in the research of the mechanisms by which human activities impact species assemblages.","author":[{"dr opping-particle":"","family":"Kondratyeva","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Knapp","given":"Sonja","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle" :"","ڲ":"ٳܰ첹","":"²ٱ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ü","":"ԲDZ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ղ ","given":"Jeanne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Machon","given":"Nathalie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Martin","given":"Gabr ielle","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Motard","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grandcolas","given":"Philippe","non-d ropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pavoine","given":"Sandrine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","id":"ITEM-2","issue":" March","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-16","title":"Urbanization Effects on Biodiversity Revealed by a Two-Scale Analysis of Species Functional Uniqueness vs. Redundancy","type":"article-journal","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com /documents/?uuid=f02d42ae-fa9f-4449-8074-6a08c00dac39"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/14888386.2017.1351892","ISSN":"21600651","abstract":"Agriculture is the largest contributor to biodiversity loss with expanding impacts due to changing cons umption patterns and growing populations. Agriculture destroys biodiversity by converting natural habitats to intensely managed systems and by releasing pollutants, including greenhouses gases. Food value chains further amplify impacts including through e nergy use, transport and waste. Reducing the food system’s toll on biodiversity is a critical challenge. The ‘sparing or sharing’ debate contrasts two response pathways: intensifying agriculture to release other land for protection versus biodiversity-fri endly farming over larger areas. Most conservation policies focus on intensification and set-aside but recent research challenges these assumptions. The Global Land Outlook of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification highlights how modern farming is un dermining the sustainability of large land areas. Intensification has not solved the biodiversity crisis and has often made it worse. Effective responses must involve both producers and consumers, and require a mixture of conservation, sustainable managem ent and restoration. Agricultural land serves many purposes beyond food production and mechanisms are needed to pay farmers for wider stewardship of land resources. A multifunctional landscape approach balances different needs at a landscape scale while i ncorporating site-level specificity on land use, demand, and condition. At the same time, consumers play a critical role in reducing unsustainable food waste. Many of the techniques and strategies for biodiversity-friendly farming systems exist; the chall enge is to bring them to scale.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dudley","given":"Nigel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Alexander","given":"Sasha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse -names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Biodiversity","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"2-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"45-49","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","title":"Agriculture and biodiversity: a review","type":"article-journal","volume":"1 8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2d8c28d6-b8c6-4098-bdf6-2eeab7403133"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bellard et al., 2012; Dudley & Alexander, 2017; Kondratyeva et al., 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bellard et al., 2012; Dudley & Alexander, 2017; Kondratyeva et al., 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bellard et al., 2012; Dudley & Alexander, 2017; Kondratyeva et al., 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/ master/csl-citation.json"} json"} apin III","given":"F. Stuart","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tecco","given":"Paula A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gurvich","g iven":"D. E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grigulis","given":"Karl","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"chapter-number":"Functional","container-title":"Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"81-91","publisher":"Springer","publisher-place":"Heidelberg Berlin","title":"Functional Diversity - at the crossroads between Ecosystem Functioning and Environmental Filters","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4f391e96-efd4-479b-a6a8-add41170c988"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Díaz, Lavorel, Chapin III, et al., 2007; Hooper et al., 2005)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Díaz, Lavo rel, Chapin III, et al., 2007; Hooper et al., 2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Díaz, Lavorel, Chapin III, et al., 2007; Hooper et al., 2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-ci tation.json"} ently high LMA. Within most of the functional groups studied, high-LMA species show higher leaf tissue densities. However, differences between evergreen and deciduous species result from larger volumes per area (thickness). Response curves constructed fro m experiments under controlled conditions showed that LMA varied strongly with light, temperature and submergence, moderately with CO2 concentration and nutrient and water stress, and marginally under most other conditions. Functional groups differed in t he plasticity of LMA to these gradients. The physiological regulation is still unclear, but the consequences of variation in LMA and the suite of traits interconnected with it are strong. This trait complex is an important factor determining the fitness o f species in their environment and affects various ecosystem processes. © 2009 New Phytologist.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Poorter","given":"Hendrik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","fa ":"Ա𳾱ٲ","":"Ü","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ʴǴǰٱ","":"dzܰԲ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"°", "given":"Ian J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Villar","given":"Rafael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"New Phytologist","id":"ITEM-2","issue": "3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"565-588","title":"Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): A meta-analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"182"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1f30f322-1547-4c5 0-88c0-6b16aaa60690"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2009)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2009)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al ., 2009)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} etween functional groups, with evergreen species having the highest LMA, but most of the variation is within groups or biomes. When grown in the same controlled environment, leaf succulents and woody evergreen, perennial or slow-growing species have inher ently high LMA. Within most of the functional groups studied, high-LMA species show higher leaf tissue densities. However, differences between evergreen and deciduous species result from larger volumes per area (thickness). Response curves constructed fro m experiments under controlled conditions showed that LMA varied strongly with light, temperature and submergence, moderately with CO2 concentration and nutrient and water stress, and marginally under most other conditions. Functional groups differed in t he plasticity of LMA to these gradients. The physiological regulation is still unclear, but the consequences of variation in LMA and the suite of traits interconnected with it are strong. This trait complex is an important factor determining the fitness o f species in their environment and affects various ecosystem processes. © 2009 New Phytologist.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Poorter","given":"Hendrik","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","fa ":"Ա𳾱ٲ","":"Ü","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ʴǴǰٱ","":"dzܰԲ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"°", "given":"Ian J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Villar","given":"Rafael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"New Phytologist","id":"ITEM-2","issue": "3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"565-588","title":"Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): A meta-analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"182"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1f30f322-1547-4c5 0-88c0-6b16aaa60690"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2009)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al., 2009)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(De La Riva et al., 2016; Poorter et al ., 2009)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} iven":"Richard J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Beisner","given":"Beatrix E","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"eLS","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"Februa ry 2018","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1-8","title":"Functional Traits","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=15b92d8a-d551-4b11-a1a7-cd586c08d38b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Laureto et al., 2015 ; Nock et al., 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Laureto et al., 2015; Nock et al., 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Laureto et al., 2015; Nock et al., 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/sch ema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Laureto et al., 2015; Nock et al., 2016) (Laureto et al., 2015; Nock et al., 2016) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1071/BT02124","ISSN":"00671924","abstract":"There is growing recognition that classifying terrestrial plant species on the basis of their function (into 'functional types') rather t han their higher taxonomic identity, is a promising way forward for tackling important ecological questions at the scale of ecosystems, landscapes or biomes. These questions include those on vegetation responses to and vegetation effects on, environmental changes (e.g. changes in climate, atmospheric chemistry, land use or other disturbances). There is also growing consensus about a shortlist of plant traits that should underlie such functional plant classifications, because they have strong predictive po wer of important ecosystem responses to environmental change and/or they themselves have strong impacts on ecosystem processes. The: most favoured traits are those that are also relatively easy and inexpensive to measure for large numbers of plant species . Large international research efforts, promoted by the IGBP-GCTE Programme, are underway to screen predominant plant species in various ecosystems and biomes worldwide for such traits. This paper provides an international methodological protocol aimed at standardising this research effort, based on consensus among a broad group of scientists in this field. It features a practical handbook with step-by-step recipes, with relatively brief information about the ecological context, for 28 functional traits r ecognised as critical for tackling large-scale ecological questions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cornelissen","given":"J. H.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel","given" :".","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ҲԾ","":".","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"í","":"Ի","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹 rticle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Buchmann","given":"N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gurvich","given":"D. E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-n ames":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reich","given":"P. 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Variation in plant functional traits, and trait syndromes, has proven useful for tackling many im portant ecological questions at a range of scales, giving rise to a demand for standardised ways to measure ecologically meaningful plant traits. This line of research has been among the most fruitful avenues for understanding ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes. It also has the potential both to build a predictive set of local, regional and global relationships between plants and environment and to quantify a wide range of natural and human-driven processes, including changes in biodiversi ty, the impacts of species invasions, alterations in biogeochemical processes and vegetation-atmosphere interactions. The importance of these topics dictates the urgent need for more and better data, and increases the value of standardised protocols for q uantifying trait variation of different species, in particular for traits with power to predict plant-and ecosystem-level processes, and for traits that can be measured relatively easily. Updated and expanded from the widely used previous version, this ha ndbook retains the focus on clearly presented, widely applicable, step-by-step recipes, with a minimum of text on theory, and not only includes updated methods for the traits previously covered, but also introduces many new protocols for further traits. T his new handbook has a better balance between whole-plant traits, leaf traits, root and stem traits and regenerative traits, and puts particular emphasis on traits important for predicting species' effects on key ecosystem properties. We hope this new han dbook becomes a standard companion in local and global efforts to learn about the responses and impacts of different plant species with respect to environmental changes in the present, past and future. © CSIRO 2013.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","fam ":"é-ᲹܾԻ𲵳ܲ","":".","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"í","":"Ի","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ҲԾ er","given":"E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Poorter","given":"H.","non-d ropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jaureguiberry","given":"P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bret-Harte","given":"M. 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Unfortunately, some of the fundamental traits have no simple analog. The common, core list includes: seed mass, seed s hape, dispersal mode, clonality, specific leaf area, leaf water content, height, above-ground biomass, life history, onset of flowering, stem density, and resprouting ability. Most of the traits can be measured quantitatively, but several traits on the li st must still be measured qualitatively due to logistical problems or lack of an easy analog. Key problem areas include: dispersal ability, capacity for vegetative spread, germination, palatability, plasticity, and all the various below-ground traits. Com parative studies need to address these problem areas. The common core list is suggested as a common starting point for studies of functional ecology. The idiosyncrasies of regional floras and specific research agendas will dictate which traits can be igno red and those that need to be added.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Weiher","given":"Evan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Werf","given":"Adrie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse- names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thompson","given":"Ken","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roderick","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"s uffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Garnier","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eriksson","given":"Ove","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"contai ner-title":"Journal of Vegetation Science","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]},"page":"609-620","title":"Challenging Theophrastus: A common core list of plant traits for functional ecology","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"}, "uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ffb49da4-dbc0-4364-9297-cdcba2d91e09"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cornelissen et al., 2003; Pérez-Harguindeguy et al., 2013; Weiher et al., 1999)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cornelissen et al., 2003; Pérez-Harguindeguy et al., 2013; Weiher et al., 1999)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Cornelissen et al., 2003; Pérez-Harguindeguy et al., 2013; Weiher et al., 1999)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-langua ge/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cornelissen et al., 2003; Pérez-Harguindeguy et al., 2013; Weiher et al., 1999) (Cornelissen et al., 2003; Pérez-Harguindeguy et al., 2013; Weiher et al., 1999) (Cornelissen et al., 2003; Pérez-Harguindeguy et al., 2013; Weiher et al., 1999) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1890/03-0799","ISSN":"00129658","abstract":"Although the structure and composition of plant communities is known to influence the functioning of ecosystems, there is as yet no agree ment as to how these should be described from a functional perspective. We tested the biomass ratio hypothesis, which postulates that ecosystem properties should depend on species traits and on species contribution to the total biomass of the community, i n a successional sere following vineyard abandonment in the Mediterranean region of France. Ecosystem-specific net primary productivity, litter decomposition rate, and total soil carbon and nitrogen varied significantly with field age, and correlated with community-aggregated (i.e., weighed according to the relative abundance of species) functional leaf traits. The three easily measurable traits tested, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, and nitrogen concentration, provide a simple means to scal e up from organ to ecosystem functioning in complex plant communities. We propose that they be called \"functional markers,\" and be used to assess the impacts of community changes on ecosystem properties induced, in particular, by global change drivers." ,"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Garnier","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cortez","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"drop ping-particle":"","family":"Billès","given":"Georges","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Navas","given":"Marie Laure","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particl e":"","family":"Roumet","given":"Catherine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Debussche","given":"Max","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family" :"ܰԳ","":"é","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"Գ󲹰","":"","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ܲ"," n":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bellmann","given":"Astrid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Neill","given":"Cathy","non-d ropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Toussaint","given":"Jean Patrick","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"9","issued":{"date-pa rts":[["2004"]]},"page":"2630-2637","title":"Plant functional markers capture ecosystem properties during secondary succession","type":"article-journal","volume":"85"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=93f9cdef-b808-4f71-9e87-7603ed2aaffa"] }],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Garnier et al., 2004)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Garnier et al., 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Garnier et al., 2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/sch ema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Garnier et al., 2004) (Garnier et al., 2004) (Garnier et al., 2004) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1890/03-0799","ISSN":"00129658","abstract":"Although the structure and composition of plant communities is known to influence the functioning of ecosystems, there is as yet no agree ment as to how these should be described from a functional perspective. We tested the biomass ratio hypothesis, which postulates that ecosystem properties should depend on species traits and on species contribution to the total biomass of the community, i n a successional sere following vineyard abandonment in the Mediterranean region of France. Ecosystem-specific net primary productivity, litter decomposition rate, and total soil carbon and nitrogen varied significantly with field age, and correlated with community-aggregated (i.e., weighed according to the relative abundance of species) functional leaf traits. The three easily measurable traits tested, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, and nitrogen concentration, provide a simple means to scal e up from organ to ecosystem functioning in complex plant communities. We propose that they be called \"functional markers,\" and be used to assess the impacts of community changes on ecosystem properties induced, in particular, by global change drivers." ,"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Garnier","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cortez","given":"Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"drop ping-particle":"","family":"Billès","given":"Georges","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Navas","given":"Marie Laure","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particl e":"","family":"Roumet","given":"Catherine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Debussche","given":"Max","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family" :"ܰԳ","":"é","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"Գ󲹰","":"","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ܲ"," n":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bellmann","given":"Astrid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Neill","given":"Cathy","non-d ropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Toussaint","given":"Jean Patrick","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"9","issued":{"date-pa rts":[["2004"]]},"page":"2630-2637","title":"Plant functional markers capture ecosystem properties during secondary succession","type":"article-journal","volume":"85"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=93f9cdef-b808-4f71-9e87-7603ed2aaffa"] },{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/nature16489","ISSN":"14764687","PMID":"26700811","abstract":"Earth is home to a remarkable diversity of plant forms and life histories, yet comparatively few essential trait combinations have proved evolutionari ly viable in today € s terrestrial biosphere. By analysing worldwide variation in six major traits critical to growth, survival and reproduction within the largest sample of vascular plant species ever compiled, we found that occupancy of six-dimensional trait space is strongly concentrated, indicating coordination and trade-offs. Three-quarters of trait variation is captured in a two-dimensional global spectrum of plant form and function. One major dimension within this plane reflects the size of whole p lants and their parts; the other represents the leaf economics spectrum, which balances leaf construction costs against growth potential. The global plant trait spectrum provides a backdrop for elucidating constraints on evolution, for functionally qualif ying species and ecosystems, and for improving models that predict future vegetation based on continuous variation in plant form and function.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Díaz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":fal se,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kattge","given":"Jens","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cornelissen","given":"Johannes H.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suf fix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wright","given":"Ian J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropp Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ٰ","":"é󲹲Ա","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"","":"ö","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ ily":"Kleyer","given":"Michael","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wirth","given":"Christian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Colin Pr Գپ","":".","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ҲԾ","":"","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"öԾ","":"ұ ard","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Westoby","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Poorter","given":"Hendrik","non-droppi ng-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reich","given":"Peter B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Moles","given":"Angela T.","non-dropping-particle":" ","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dickie","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gillison","given":"Andrew N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names ":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zanne","given":"Amy E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chave","given":"Jérôme","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":"" },{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Joseph Wright","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sheremet Ev","given":"Serge N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dro 辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ٱ","":"é","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"dzٴ","":"ٴDZ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ cle":"","family":"Cerabolini","given":"Bruno","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pierce","given":"Simon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family ":"Shipley","given":"Bill","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kirkup","given":"Donald","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Casanoves","giv en":"Fernando","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Joswig","given":"Julia S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Günther","given":"Angela" ,"ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"󲹱ܰ","":"ղ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ü","":"Ჹ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹 rticle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mahecha","given":"Miguel D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gorné","given":"Lucas D.","non-dropping-particle":""," parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"7585","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"167-171","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","title":"The global spectrum of plant form and function","type":"article-jou rnal","volume":"529"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=36011733-14b6-41fc-a4ca-5dc08d810f4d"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"abstract":"Bringing together leaf trait data spanning 2,548 species and 175 sites we describe, for the first time at global scale, a universal spectrum of leaf economics consisting of key chemical, structural and physiological properties. The spectrum runs from quick to slow return on investments of nutrients and dry mass in leaves, and operates largely independently o f growth form, plant functional type or biome. Categories along the spectrum would, in general, describe leaf economic variation at the global scale better than plant functional types, because functional types overlap substantially in their leaf traits. O verall, modulation of leaf traits and trait relationships by climate is surprisingly modest, although some striking and significant patterns can be seen. Reliable quantification of the leaf economics spectrum and its interaction with climate will prove va luable for modelling nutrient fluxes and vegetation boundaries under changing land-use and climate.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Westoby","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","f amily":"Baruch","given":"Zdravko","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bongers","given":"Frans","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cavender -Bares","given":"Jeannine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chapin","given":"Terry","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Diemer","given": "Matthias","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"others","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wright","given":"Ian J","non-dropping -particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Reich","given":"Peter B","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ackerly","given":"David D","non-dropping-particle":""," parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cornelissen","given":"J. 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Here we provide an overview of the history and applicability of functional diversity in ecological studies. We found that the idea of funct ional diversity emerged many times and in distinct fields over the years. Functional diversity was conceived as an alternative classification to measure the ecological importance of species in a community, as well as a way to understand how biodiversity a ffects specific ecosystem functions. Gradually, new questions regarding functional traits emerged. Some examples include understanding species competitive abilities, patterns of species co-occurrence, community assembly, and the role of different traits o n ecosystem functioning. The increasing use of functional-based approaches fueled the search for new metrics aiming at accurately estimating functional diversity and, consequently, categorical-based classifications of functional traits have been gradually replaced by continuous multi-trait approaches. More recently, the role of functional diversity was recognized as a key factor to maintain important functions and services of ecosystems. We present empirical evidence supporting this statement.","author":[ {"dropping-particle":"","family":"Laureto","given":"Livia Maira Orlandi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cianciaruso","given":"Marcus Vinicius","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"s uffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Samia","given":"Diogo Soares Menezes","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Natureza e Conservacao","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page": "112-116","publisher":"Associação Brasileira de Ciência Ecológica e Conservação","title":"Functional diversity: An overview of its history and applicability","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e5670f85 -919e-4044-8120-8aeafce65228"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Laureto et al., 2015)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Laureto et al., 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Laureto et al., 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.c om/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Laureto et al., 2015) (Laureto et al., 2015) (Laureto et al., 2015) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01339.x","ISSN":"13652435","abstract":"1. Interpreting the functional diversity of vegetation is important in unravelling the relationship between environmenta l change, community composition and ecosystem processes. Functional diversity is the range and distribution of functional trait values in a community. It can be described, among other indicators, by community-level weighted means of trait values (CWM) and functional divergence. Standard methods exist for trait measurements but not for assessments of CWM and functional divergence in the field. No research has addressed the effects of different methods of estimating relative abundances, nor the need to esti mate traits at individual, population or species level, or whether methods could be used that bypass taxonomy all together. 2. This study reviews and evaluates plot-level assessment methods of functional diversity in herbaceous vegetation. We asked: (i) S hould the objective of the study influence the method for estimating relative abundance? (ii) What are the strengths and limitations of intensive vs. 'rapid' approaches, and when should either be applied? (iii) Are taxon-free methods robust in comparison to taxon-explicit methods of trait measurement? Under what circumstances might they be applied? 3. Our review of published studies that have measured functional diversity in the field showed that the choice of metric has not generally taken into account t he link between the metric and the functions of interest, and that vegetation cover has been most widely used, regardless of study purpose. 4. We compared quantitatively in subalpine grasslands three methods for quantification of species abundances plus o ne taxon-free method. We found that: (i) data base trait values were robust across years for a diverse set of dominant species; (ii) CWM have little sensitivity to method for estimating relative abundances; this sensitivity also depends on traits, for exa mple, seed mass results were less stable than leaf traits and heights; (iii) robust estimates of CWM were obtained from visual estimates of species ranks and biomass using a dry-weight ranking method (BOTANAL), whereas functional divergence was more sensi tive to method; and (iv) the taxon-free method should be treated with more caution and performed particularly poorly for estimates of functional divergence. 5. We conclude that methodology can affect estimates of functional diversity. Although care should be taken in the choice of method and interpretation of results, rapid methods oft…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grigul is","given":"Karl","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McIntyre","given":"Sue","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williams","given":"Nick S.G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Garden","given":"Denys","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dorrough","given":"Josh","non-droppin -貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"","":"Ի","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ϳéپ","":"󲹲","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":""," 貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ճéܱ","":"ܰé","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"DzԾ","":"ԲԱ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ e,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Functional Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"134-147","title":"Assessing functional diversity in the field - Methodology matters!","type":"article-journal","volume":"22"},"uris ":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=558675a2-7749-4332-980e-6e9a5ea8e049"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lavorel et al., 2007)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lavorel et al., 2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lavorel et al., 2007)"},"pr operties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lavorel et al., 2007) (Lavorel et al., 2007) (Lavorel et al., 2007) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01339.x","ISSN":"13652435","abstract":"1. Interpreting the functional diversity of vegetation is important in unravelling the relationship between environmenta l change, community composition and ecosystem processes. Functional diversity is the range and distribution of functional trait values in a community. It can be described, among other indicators, by community-level weighted means of trait values (CWM) and functional divergence. Standard methods exist for trait measurements but not for assessments of CWM and functional divergence in the field. No research has addressed the effects of different methods of estimating relative abundances, nor the need to esti mate traits at individual, population or species level, or whether methods could be used that bypass taxonomy all together. 2. This study reviews and evaluates plot-level assessment methods of functional diversity in herbaceous vegetation. We asked: (i) S hould the objective of the study influence the method for estimating relative abundance? (ii) What are the strengths and limitations of intensive vs. 'rapid' approaches, and when should either be applied? (iii) Are taxon-free methods robust in comparison to taxon-explicit methods of trait measurement? Under what circumstances might they be applied? 3. Our review of published studies that have measured functional diversity in the field showed that the choice of metric has not generally taken into account t he link between the metric and the functions of interest, and that vegetation cover has been most widely used, regardless of study purpose. 4. We compared quantitatively in subalpine grasslands three methods for quantification of species abundances plus o ne taxon-free method. We found that: (i) data base trait values were robust across years for a diverse set of dominant species; (ii) CWM have little sensitivity to method for estimating relative abundances; this sensitivity also depends on traits, for exa mple, seed mass results were less stable than leaf traits and heights; (iii) robust estimates of CWM were obtained from visual estimates of species ranks and biomass using a dry-weight ranking method (BOTANAL), whereas functional divergence was more sensi tive to method; and (iv) the taxon-free method should be treated with more caution and performed particularly poorly for estimates of functional divergence. 5. We conclude that methodology can affect estimates of functional diversity. 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Interpreting the functional diversity of vegetation is important in unravelling the relationship between environmenta l change, community composition and ecosystem processes. Functional diversity is the range and distribution of functional trait values in a community. It can be described, among other indicators, by community-level weighted means of trait values (CWM) and functional divergence. Standard methods exist for trait measurements but not for assessments of CWM and functional divergence in the field. No research has addressed the effects of different methods of estimating relative abundances, nor the need to esti mate traits at individual, population or species level, or whether methods could be used that bypass taxonomy all together. 2. This study reviews and evaluates plot-level assessment methods of functional diversity in herbaceous vegetation. We asked: (i) S hould the objective of the study influence the method for estimating relative abundance? (ii) What are the strengths and limitations of intensive vs. 'rapid' approaches, and when should either be applied? (iii) Are taxon-free methods robust in comparison to taxon-explicit methods of trait measurement? Under what circumstances might they be applied? 3. Our review of published studies that have measured functional diversity in the field showed that the choice of metric has not generally taken into account t he link between the metric and the functions of interest, and that vegetation cover has been most widely used, regardless of study purpose. 4. We compared quantitatively in subalpine grasslands three methods for quantification of species abundances plus o ne taxon-free method. We found that: (i) data base trait values were robust across years for a diverse set of dominant species; (ii) CWM have little sensitivity to method for estimating relative abundances; this sensitivity also depends on traits, for exa mple, seed mass results were less stable than leaf traits and heights; (iii) robust estimates of CWM were obtained from visual estimates of species ranks and biomass using a dry-weight ranking method (BOTANAL), whereas functional divergence was more sensi tive to method; and (iv) the taxon-free method should be treated with more caution and performed particularly poorly for estimates of functional divergence. 5. We conclude that methodology can affect estimates of functional diversity. 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Interpreting the functional diversity of vegetation is important in unravelling the relationship between environmenta l change, community composition and ecosystem processes. Functional diversity is the range and distribution of functional trait values in a community. It can be described, among other indicators, by community-level weighted means of trait values (CWM) and functional divergence. Standard methods exist for trait measurements but not for assessments of CWM and functional divergence in the field. No research has addressed the effects of different methods of estimating relative abundances, nor the need to esti mate traits at individual, population or species level, or whether methods could be used that bypass taxonomy all together. 2. This study reviews and evaluates plot-level assessment methods of functional diversity in herbaceous vegetation. We asked: (i) S hould the objective of the study influence the method for estimating relative abundance? (ii) What are the strengths and limitations of intensive vs. 'rapid' approaches, and when should either be applied? (iii) Are taxon-free methods robust in comparison to taxon-explicit methods of trait measurement? Under what circumstances might they be applied? 3. Our review of published studies that have measured functional diversity in the field showed that the choice of metric has not generally taken into account t he link between the metric and the functions of interest, and that vegetation cover has been most widely used, regardless of study purpose. 4. We compared quantitatively in subalpine grasslands three methods for quantification of species abundances plus o ne taxon-free method. We found that: (i) data base trait values were robust across years for a diverse set of dominant species; (ii) CWM have little sensitivity to method for estimating relative abundances; this sensitivity also depends on traits, for exa mple, seed mass results were less stable than leaf traits and heights; (iii) robust estimates of CWM were obtained from visual estimates of species ranks and biomass using a dry-weight ranking method (BOTANAL), whereas functional divergence was more sensi tive to method; and (iv) the taxon-free method should be treated with more caution and performed particularly poorly for estimates of functional divergence. 5. We conclude that methodology can affect estimates of functional diversity. Although care should be taken in the choice of method and interpretation of results, rapid methods oft…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grigul is","given":"Karl","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McIntyre","given":"Sue","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Williams","given":"Nick S.G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Garden","given":"Denys","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dorrough","given":"Josh","non-droppin -貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"","":"Ի","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ϳéپ","":"󲹲","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":""," 貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"ճéܱ","":"ܰé","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"DzԾ","":"ԲԱ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ e,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Functional Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"134-147","title":"Assessing functional diversity in the field - Methodology matters!","type":"article-journal","volume":"22"},"uris ":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=558675a2-7749-4332-980e-6e9a5ea8e049"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0149270","ISSN":"19326203","PMID":"26881747","abstract":"Functional diversity (FD) is an important component of biod iversity that quantifies the difference in functional traits between organisms. However, FD studies are often limited by the availability of trait data and FD indices are sensitive to data gaps. The distribution of species abundance and trait data, and it s transformation, may further affect the accuracy of indices when data is incomplete. Using an existing approach, we simulated the effects of missing trait data by gradually removing data from a plant, an ant and a bird community dataset (12, 59, and 8 pl ots containing 62, 297 and 238 species respectively). We ranked plots by FD values calculated from full datasets and then from our increasingly incomplete datasets and compared the ranking between the original and virtually reduced datasets to assess the accuracy of FD indices when used on datasets with increasingly missing data. Finally, we tested the accuracy of FD indices with and without data transformation, and the effect of missing trait data per plot or per the whole pool of species. FD indices bec ame less accurate as the amount of missing data increased, with the loss of accuracy depending on the index. But, where transformation improved the normality of the trait data, FD values from incomplete datasets were more accurate than before transformati on. The distribution of data and its transformation are therefore as important as data completeness and can even mitigate the effect of missing data. Since the effect of missing trait values pool-wise or plot-wise depends on the data distribution, the met hod should be decided case by case. Data distribution and data transformation should be given more careful consideration when designing, analysing and interpreting FD studies, especially where trait data are missing. To this end, we provide the R package \"traitor\" to facilitate assessments of missing trait data.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Májeková","given":"Maria","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paal","given":"Taavi","non-dr opping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Plowman","given":"Nichola S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bryndová","given":"Michala","non-dropping-pa rticle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kasari","given":"Liis","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Norberg","given":"Anna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-na mes":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Weiss","given":"Matthias","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bishop","given":"Tom R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suff ix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Luke","given":"Sarah H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sam","given":"Katerina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping -貹پ":"","ڲ":"dzܲ-ʾԲܱ","":"۴DzԲ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"š","":"","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ": "","family":"Götzenberger","given":"Lars","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bello","given":"Francesco","non-dropping-particle":"De","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PLoS ONE", "id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"1-17","title":"Evaluating Functional diversity: Missing trait data and the importance of species abundance structure and data transformation","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uri s":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4a40f6ac-8e07-4097-ab48-4635566becdc"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1002/ece3.989","ISSN":"20457758","abstract":"Functional trait databases are powerful tools in ecology, though most of them contain la rge amounts of missing values. The goal of this study was to test the effect of imputation methods on the evaluation of trait values at species level and on the subsequent calculation of functional diversity indices at community level using functional tra it databases. Two simple imputation methods (average and median), two methods based on ecological hypotheses, and one multiple imputation method were tested using a large plant trait database, together with the influence of the percentage of missing data and differences between functional traits. At community level, the complete-case approach and three functional diversity indices calculated from grassland plant communities were included. At the species level, one of the methods based on ecological hypoth esis was for all traits more accurate than imputation with average or median values, but the multiple imputation method was superior for most of the traits. The method based on functional proximity between species was the best method for traits with an un balanced distribution, while the method based on the existence of relationships between traits was the best for traits with a balanced distribution. The ranking of the grassland communities for their functional diversity indices was not robust with the co mplete-case approach, even for low percentages of missing data. With the imputation methods based on ecological hypotheses, functional diversity indices could be computed with a maximum of 30% of missing data, without affecting the ranking between grassla nd communities. The multiple imputation method performed well, but not better than single imputation based on ecological hypothesis and adapted to the distribution of the trait values for the functional identity and range of the communities. Ecological st udies using functional trait databases have to deal with missing data using imputation methods corresponding to their specific needs and making the most out of the information available in the databases. Within this framework, this study indicates the pos sibilities and limits of single imputation methods based on ecological hypothesis and concludes that they could be useful when studying the ranking of communities for their functional diversity indices. © 2014 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Taugourdeau","given":"Simon","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Villerd","given":"Jean","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-nam es":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Plantureux","given":"Sylvain","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Huguenin-Elie","given":"Olivier","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names": false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Amiaud","given":"Bernard","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology and Evolution","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"944- 958","title":"Filling the gap in functional trait databases: Use of ecological hypotheses to replace missing data","type":"article-journal","volume":"4"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dda3fb08-f2aa-44ad-832f-bf3e44065233"]}],"mendeley": {"formattedCitation":"(Lavorel et al., 2007; Májeková et al., 2016; Taugourdeau et al., 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lavorel et al., 2007; Májeková et al., 2016; Taugourdeau et al., 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lavorel et al., 2007; Máj eková et al., 2016; Taugourdeau et al., 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lavorel et al., 2007; Májeková et al., 2016; Taugourdeau et al., 2014) (Lavorel et al., 2007; Májeková et al., 2016; Taugourdeau et al., 2014) (Lavorel et al., 2007; Májeková et al., 2016; Taugourdeau et al., 2014) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Garnier","given":"Eric","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Navas","given":"Marie Laure", "non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grigulis","given":"Karl","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Plant Functional Diversity: Organism Traits, Community S tructure, and Ecsystem Properties","edition":"1","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"10","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisher-place":"Oxford, England","title":"Trait based ecology: definitions, methods, and a conceptual fr amework","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=307ac6de-5b40-4705-93f8-e88c8db8c642"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Garnier et al., 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Garnier et al., 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitatio n":"(Garnier et al., 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Garnier et al., 2016) (Garnier et al., 2016) (Garnier et al., 2016) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1890/04-0922","ISBN":"9789012082754","ISSN":"00129615","PMID":"227254000001","abstract":"Humans are altering the composition of biological communities through a variety of activitie s that increase rates of species invasions and species extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components of the Earth's biodiversity cause concern for ethical and aesthetic reasons, but they also have a strong potential to alte r ecosystem properties and the goods and services they provide to humanity. Ecological experiments, observations, and theoretical developments show that ecosystem properties depend greatly on biodiversity in terms of the functional characteristics of orga nisms present in the ecosystem and the distribution and abundance of those organisms over space and time. Species effects act in concert with the effects of climate, resource availability, and disturbance regimes in influencing ecosystem properties. Human activities can modify all of the above factors; here we focus on modification of these biotic controls. The scientific community has come to a broad consensus on many aspects of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, including m any points relevant to management of ecosystems. Further progress will require integration of knowledge about biotic and abiotic controls on ecosystem properties, how ecological communities are structured, and the forces driving species extinctions and in vasions. To strengthen links to policy and management, we also need to integrate our ecological knowledge with understanding of the social and economic constraints of potential management practices. Understanding this complexity, while taking strong steps to minimize current losses of species, is necessary for responsible management of Earth's ecosystems and the diverse biota they contain. Based on our review of the scientific literature, we are certain of the following conclusions: 1)Species' functional characteristics strongly influence ecosystem properties. Functional characteristics operate in a variety of contexts, including effects of dominant species, keystone species', ecological engineers, and interactions among species (e.g., competition, facili tation, mutualism, disease, and predation). Relative abundance alone is not always a good predictor of the ecosystem-level importance of a species, as even relatively rare species (e.g., a keystone predator) can strongly influence pathways of energy and m aterial flows. 2) Alteration of biota in ecosystems via species invasions and extinctions caused by human acti…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hooper","given":"David U.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping- particle":"","family":"Chapin","given":"F. S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ewel","given":"J. 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We aimed at identifying PFTs within\\nthe flora of central-western Argentina, and to explore their possible\\nconsequences for ecosystem function. We analyzed 24 vegetative and\\nregenerative traits of the 100 most abund ant species along a steep\\nclimatic gradient. Based on plant traits and standard multivariate\\ntechniques, we identified eight PFTs. Our results confirmed, over\\na wide range of climatic conditions, the occurrence of broad recurrent\\npatterns of assoc iation among plant traits reported for other floras;\\nnamely trade-offs between high investment in photosynthesis and growth\\non the one hand, and preferential allocation to storage and defence\\non the other. Regenerative traits were only partially cou pled with\\nvegetative traits. Using easily-measured plant traits and individual\\nspecies cover in 63 sites, we predicted main community-ecosystem\\nprocesses along the regional gradient. We hypothesized likely impacts\\nof global climatic change on PFTs and ecosystems in situ, and analysed\\ntheir probabilities of migrating in response to changing climatic\\nconditions. Finally, we discuss the advantages and limitations of\\nthis kind of approach in predicting changes in plant distribution\\nand in ecos ystem processes over the next century.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Diaz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cabido","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":""," parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Vegetation Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"463-474","title":"Plant functional types and ecosystem function in relation to global change","type":"a rticle-journal","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1048d8ef-368c-405f-93df-dfe89521c8c5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Diaz & Cabido, 1997)","manualFormatting":"Diaz & Cabido (1997)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Diaz & Cabido, 1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Diaz & Cabido, 1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Diaz & Cabido, 1997) (Diaz & Cabido, 1997) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/b0-12-226865-2/00132-2","abstract":"A microbial community showing diverse respiratory processes was identified within an arsenic-rich, ferruginous shallow marine hydrothermal s ediment (20-40 degrees C, pH 6.0-6.3) in Santorini, Greece. Analyses showed that ferric iron reduction with depth was broadly accompanied by manganese and arsenic reduction and FeS accumulation. Clone library analyses indicated the suboxic-anoxic transiti on zone sediment contained abundant Fe(III)- and sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria, whereas the overlying surface sediment was dominated by clones related to the Fe(II)-oxidizing zetaproteobacterium, Mariprofundus ferroxydans. Cultures obtained from th e transition zone were enriched in bacteria that reduced Fe(III), nitrate, sulfate and As(V) using acetate or lactate as electron donors. In the absence of added organic carbon, bacteria were enriched that oxidized Fe(II) anaerobically or microaerobically , sulfide microaerobically and aerobically and As(III) aerobically. According to 16S rRNA gene analyses, enriched bacteria represented a phylogenetically wide distribution. Most probable number counts indicated an abundance of nitrate-, As(V)- and Fe(III) ((s,aq))-reducers, and dissolved sulfide-oxidizers over sulfate-reducers, and FeS-, As(III)- and nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidisers in the transition zone. 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Nine free apps or websites for automated plant identification and suitable for use on mobile phones or tablet computers in the field were tested on a disparate set of 38 images of plants or parts of plants chosen from the higher plant flora of Britain and Ireland. There were large differences in performance with the best apps identifying >50 % of samples tested to genus or better. Although the accuracy is good for some of the top-rated apps , for any quantitative biodiversity study or for ecological surveys, there remains a need for validation by experts or against conventional floras. Nevertheless, the better-performing apps should be of great value to beginners and amateurs and may usefull y stimulate interest in plant identification and nature. 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Tests of automated image recognition apps for plant i dentification on plants from the British flora","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=657fd01b-8325-4140-9f31-bab15fd51c83"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Jones, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation": "(Jones, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Jones, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jones, 2020) (Jones, 2020) (Jones, 2020) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9783540327301","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Díaz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lavorel ","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chapin III","given":"F. 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Fehmi Published by : Wiley Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/40925486 REFERENCES Linked referen ces are available on JSTOR for ","type":"article-journal","volume":"2"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=05c08e29-3508-4908-8017-057c8f3f7ced"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fehmi, 2009)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fehmi, 2009)", "previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fehmi, 2009)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fehmi, 2009) (Fehmi, 2009) (Fehmi, 2009) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1890/ES13-00300.1","ISSN":"21508925","abstract":"Plant cover is measured by different methods and it is important to be able to estimate mean cover and to compare estimates of plant cover across different sampling methods in a coherent statistical framework. Here, a framework that incorporates (1) pin-point cover data, (2) visually determined cover data, and (3) ordinal cover classification systems (e.g., Braun-Blanquet cover data) is presented and tested on simulated plant cover data. The effect of measurement error when applying a visual determination of plant cover is considered. Generally, the estimation of the mean plant cover was well-behaved and unbiased for all the three met hods, whereas the estimate of the intra-plot correlation tended to be upward biased and especially so if the plant cover data was collected using the Braun-Blanquet method. It was surprising that the Braun-Blanquet sampling procedure provided mean plant c over estimates that were comparable to the other sampling schemes. This method shows promise in the attempt to use the large amount of historic Braun-Blanquet plant cover data in the investigation of the underlying causes for observed vegetation changes. © 2014 Damgaard.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Damgaard","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosphere","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"1-7","titl e":"Estimating mean plant cover from different types of cover data: A coherent statistical framework","type":"article-journal","volume":"5"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5e6358a4-dcf7-4dd7-a10d-3af7b7172e9a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCi tation":"(Damgaard, 2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Damgaard, 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Damgaard, 2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Damgaard, 2014) (Damgaard, 2014) (Damgaard, 2014) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/BF01866672","ISSN":"0364152X","abstract":"To document environmental impact predictions for land development, as required by United States government regulatory agencies, vegeta tion studies are conducted using a variety of methods. Density measurement (stem counts) is one method that is frequently used. However, density measurement of shrub and herbaceous vegetation is time-consuming and costly. As an alternative, the Braun-Blan quet cover-abundance scale was used to analyze vegetation in several ecological studies. Results from one of these studies show that the Braun-Blanquet method requires only one third to one fifth the field time required for the density method. Furthermore , cover-abundance ratings are better suited than density values to elucidate graphically species-environment relationships. For extensive surveys this method provides sufficiently accurate baseline data to allow environmental impact assessment as required by regulatory agencies. © 1978 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wikum","given":"Douglas A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shanholtzer","given":"G. 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Density measurement (stem counts) is one method that is frequently used. However, density measurement of shrub and herbaceous vegetation is time-consuming and costly. As an alternative, the Braun-Blan quet cover-abundance scale was used to analyze vegetation in several ecological studies. Results from one of these studies show that the Braun-Blanquet method requires only one third to one fifth the field time required for the density method. Furthermore , cover-abundance ratings are better suited than density values to elucidate graphically species-environment relationships. For extensive surveys this method provides sufficiently accurate baseline data to allow environmental impact assessment as required by regulatory agencies. © 1978 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wikum","given":"Douglas A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shanholtzer","given":"G. 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Functional redundancy is hypothesized to promote ecological resilience and stability, as ecosystem function of communities with more redundant species (those that perform similar functions) should be buffered agains t the loss of individual species. While functional redundancy is being increasingly quantified, few studies have linked differences in redundancy across communities to ecological outcomes. We conducted a review and meta-analysis to determine whether empir ical evidence supports the asserted link between functional redundancy and ecosystem stability and resilience. We reviewed 423 research articles and assembled a data set of 32 studies from 15 articles across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Overall, th e mean correlation between functional redundancy and ecological stability/resilience was positive. The mean positive effect of functional redundancy was greater for studies in which redundancy was measured as species richness within functional groups (vs. metrics independent of species richness), but species richness itself was not correlated with effect size. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that functional redundancy may positively affect community stability and resilience to disturbance, but more empirical work is needed including more experimental studies, partitioning of richness and redundancy effects, and links to ecosystem functions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Biggs","given":"Christopher R.","non-dropping-particle":""," parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yeager","given":"Lauren A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bolser","given":"Derek G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names" :false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bonsell","given":"Christina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dichiera","given":"Angelina M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false ,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hou","given":"Zhenxin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Keyser","given":"Spencer R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{ "dropping-particle":"","family":"Khursigara","given":"Alexis J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lu","given":"Kaijun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-part icle":"","family":"Muth","given":"Arley F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Negrete","given":"Benjamin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","fami ly":"Erisman","given":"Brad E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecosphere","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"Does functional redundancy affect ecological stability and res ilience? A review and meta-analysis","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=23941061-d4c5-4cd2-b0cd-faa3822bd8b8"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96379.x","ISSN":"08888892","ab stract":"The concept of species redundantly in ecosystem processes is troublesome because it appears to contradict the traditional emphasis in ecology on species singularity. When species richness is high, however, ecosystem processes seem clearly insensi tive to considerable variation in biodiversity. Some elementary principles from reliability engineering, where engineered redundancy is a valued part of systems design, suggest that we should rethink our stance on species redundancy. For example, a centra l tenet of reliability engineering is that reliability always increases as redundant components are added to a system, a principle that directly, supports redundant species as guarantors of reliable ecosystem functioning. I argue that we should embrace sp ecies redundancy and perceive redundancy as a critical feature of ecosystems which must be preserved if ecosystems are to function reliably and provide us with goods and services. My argument is derived from basic principles of reliability engineering whi ch demonstrate that the probability of reliable system performance is closely tied to the level of engineered redundancy in its design. Empirical demonstrations of the value of species redundancy in ecosystem reliability would provide new insights into th e ecology of communities and the value of species conservation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Naeem","given":"Shahid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Conservation Biology","id":"ITEM-2","issue ":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]},"page":"39-45","title":"Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8025b311-d15b-440d-9ddd-3e7bbf685ad0"]}],"mendeley":{"f ormattedCitation":"(Biggs et al., 2020; Naeem, 1998)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Biggs et al., 2020; Naeem, 1998)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Biggs et al., 2020; Naeem, 1998)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-st yle-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Biggs et al., 2020; Naeem, 1998) (Biggs et al., 2020; Naeem, 1998) (Biggs et al., 2020; Naeem, 1998) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.actao.2005.08.003","ISSN":"1146609X","abstract":"Species and functional group (grasses, legumes, creeping nonlegume forbs, rosette nonlegume forbs) richness of species assemb lages composed of 16 species from four functional plant groups were manipulated to evaluate the productivity-diversity relationships in a greenhouse pot experiment. Pots were filled with sand, and supplied at two levels of nutrients. The plants were grown in monocultures, two, four, eight and 16 species mixtures. Individual two, four, and eight species mixtures differed in the richness of functional groups. Although the two characteristics of biodiversity, i.e. species and functional group richness, were necessarily correlated, it was shown that it is possible to separate their effect statistically, and also test for their common effect without pronounced loss of test power. There was a pronounced increase of average aboveground biomass and a mild increas e in belowground biomass with biodiversity. The effect of functional group richness was more pronounced than the effect of the number of species. By using the method of Loreau and Hector (Nature 411 (2001) 72), selection and complementarity effects were s tatistically separated, and the overyielding index was calculated as a ratio of the productivity of a mixture to the productivity of its most productive component (to demonstrate transgressive overyielding). Positive values of complementarity and transgre ssive overyielding were both found, particularly in some rich communities and under high nutrient levels. Complementarity significantly increased only with functional group richness and mainly under high nutrients in the belowground biomass. Some species, when grown in monocultures, had decreased productivity under higher nutrients, and thus were more productive in mixtures than in monocultures. It seems that those species suffered from too high nutrient levels when grown in monocultures, but not in the p resence of other species, which were able to use the nutrients in high concentrations and effectively decrease the nutrient levels. As a consequence, mixtures of high diversity were always more productive under high nutrients. The difference in species pr oportions between high and low nutrients, characterized by chord distance, increased with species richness. The relative change in productivity decreased with the number of functional groups. This suggests that species richness might lead to stabilization of aggregate characteristics (like total productivity) under changing enviro…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lanta","given":"Vojtěch","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lepš","given ":"Jan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Acta Oecologica","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"85-96","title":"Effect of functional group richness and species richness in manip ulated productivity-diversity studies: A glasshouse pot experiment","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b613a71c-70cd-4858-b39a-ab6ac80b936f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lanta & Lepš, 2006)","p lainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lanta & Lepš, 2006)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lanta & Lepš, 2006)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lanta & Lepš, 2006) (Lanta & Lepš, 2006) (Lanta & Lepš, 2006) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1890/08-2225.1","ISSN":"00129615","abstract":"Functional diversity is the diversity of species traits in ecosystems. This concept is increasingly used in ecological research, yet it s formal definition and measurements are currently under discussion. As the overall behavior and consistency of functional diversity indices have not been described so far, the novice user risks choosing an inaccurate index or a set of redundant indices t o represent functional diversity. In our study we closely examine functional diversity indices to clarify their accuracy, consistency, and independence. Following current theory, we categorize them into functional richness, evenness, or divergence indices . We considered existing indices as well as new indices developed in this study. The new indices aimed at remedying the weaknesses of currently used indices (e.g., by taking into account intraspecific variability). Using virtual data sets, we test (1) whe ther indices respond to community changes as expected from their category and (2) whether the indices within each category are consistent and independent of indices from other categories. We also test the accuracy of methods proposed for the use of catego rical traits. Most classical functional richness indices either failed to describe functional richness or were correlated with functional divergence indices. We therefore recommend using the new functional richness indices that consider intraspecific vari ability and thus empty space in the functional niche space. In contrast, most functional evenness and divergence indices performed well with respect to all proposed tests. For categorical variables, we do not recommend blending discrete and real-valued tr aits (except for indices based on distance measures) since functional evenness and divergence have no transposable meaning for discrete traits. Nonetheless, species diversity indices can be applied to categorical traits (using trait levels instead of spec ies) in order to describe functional richness and equitability. © 2010 by the Ecological Society of America.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schleuter","given":"D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-partic le":"","family":"Daufresne","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Massol","given":"F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Argil lier","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Monographs","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"469-484","title":"A user's guide to functional diversity indices ","type":"article-journal","volume":"80"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e3fa2f3f-1491-43b3-b5cb-f7188fe7bf0f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Schleuter et al., 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Schleuter et al., 2010)","previou slyFormattedCitation":"(Schleuter et al., 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schleuter et al., 2010) (Schleuter et al., 2010) (Schleuter et al., 2010) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1890/08-2225.1","ISSN":"00129615","abstract":"Functional diversity is the diversity of species traits in ecosystems. This concept is increasingly used in ecological research, yet it s formal definition and measurements are currently under discussion. As the overall behavior and consistency of functional diversity indices have not been described so far, the novice user risks choosing an inaccurate index or a set of redundant indices t o represent functional diversity. In our study we closely examine functional diversity indices to clarify their accuracy, consistency, and independence. Following current theory, we categorize them into functional richness, evenness, or divergence indices . We considered existing indices as well as new indices developed in this study. The new indices aimed at remedying the weaknesses of currently used indices (e.g., by taking into account intraspecific variability). 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Nonetheless, species diversity indices can be applied to categorical traits (using trait levels instead of spec ies) in order to describe functional richness and equitability. © 2010 by the Ecological Society of America.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schleuter","given":"D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-partic le":"","family":"Daufresne","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Massol","given":"F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Argil lier","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Monographs","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"469-484","title":"A user's guide to functional diversity indices ","type":"article-journal","volume":"80"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e3fa2f3f-1491-43b3-b5cb-f7188fe7bf0f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Schleuter et al., 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Schleuter et al., 2010)","previou slyFormattedCitation":"(Schleuter et al., 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schleuter et al., 2010) (Schleuter et al., 2010) (Schleuter et al., 2010) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.actao.2005.08.003","ISSN":"1146609X","abstract":"Species and functional group (grasses, legumes, creeping nonlegume forbs, rosette nonlegume forbs) richness of species assemb lages composed of 16 species from four functional plant groups were manipulated to evaluate the productivity-diversity relationships in a greenhouse pot experiment. Pots were filled with sand, and supplied at two levels of nutrients. The plants were grown in monocultures, two, four, eight and 16 species mixtures. Individual two, four, and eight species mixtures differed in the richness of functional groups. Although the two characteristics of biodiversity, i.e. species and functional group richness, were necessarily correlated, it was shown that it is possible to separate their effect statistically, and also test for their common effect without pronounced loss of test power. There was a pronounced increase of average aboveground biomass and a mild increas e in belowground biomass with biodiversity. The effect of functional group richness was more pronounced than the effect of the number of species. By using the method of Loreau and Hector (Nature 411 (2001) 72), selection and complementarity effects were s tatistically separated, and the overyielding index was calculated as a ratio of the productivity of a mixture to the productivity of its most productive component (to demonstrate transgressive overyielding). Positive values of complementarity and transgre ssive overyielding were both found, particularly in some rich communities and under high nutrient levels. Complementarity significantly increased only with functional group richness and mainly under high nutrients in the belowground biomass. Some species, when grown in monocultures, had decreased productivity under higher nutrients, and thus were more productive in mixtures than in monocultures. It seems that those species suffered from too high nutrient levels when grown in monocultures, but not in the p resence of other species, which were able to use the nutrients in high concentrations and effectively decrease the nutrient levels. As a consequence, mixtures of high diversity were always more productive under high nutrients. The difference in species pr oportions between high and low nutrients, characterized by chord distance, increased with species richness. The relative change in productivity decreased with the number of functional groups. This suggests that species richness might lead to stabilization of aggregate characteristics (like total productivity) under changing enviro…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lanta","given":"Vojtěch","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lepš","given ":"Jan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Acta Oecologica","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"85-96","title":"Effect of functional group richness and species richness in manip ulated productivity-diversity studies: A glasshouse pot experiment","type":"article-journal","volume":"29"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b613a71c-70cd-4858-b39a-ab6ac80b936f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lanta & Lepš, 2006)","p lainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lanta & Lepš, 2006)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lanta & Lepš, 2006)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lanta & Lepš, 2006) (Lanta & Lepš, 2006) (Lanta & Lepš, 2006) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1017/cbo9780511542237.013","ISBN":"9780511542237","abstract":"This study explores the ethical ideologies and ethical beliefs of African American consumers using the Forsyth ethical position questionnaire (EPQ) and the Muncy-Vitell consumer ethics questionnaire (MVQ). The two dimensions of the EPQ (i.e., idealism and relativism) were the independent constructs and the four dimensions of the MVQ (i.e., illegal, active, passive and no harm) were the dependent variables. In addition, this paper explores the consumer ethics of African Americans across four demographic factors (i.e., age, education, gender, and marital status). A sample of 315 African American consumers was used to explor e these relationships. Results confirmed that consumers who score high on the idealism scale are more likely to reject questionable consumer activities, but there was no relationship between relativism and consumers' rejection of questionable activities. Older, more educated and married consumers rejected questionable activities more than younger, less educated and single consumers. Gender did not have any significant relationship to consumers' ethical orientation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","fami ":"í","":"Ի","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"䲹","":"Ѳ","ԴDz-DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","貹-Բ":ڲ,"ܴڴھ":"","DZ辱Բ-貹پ":"","ڲ":"䲹ԴDZ"," iven":"Fernando","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Assembly Rules - Perspectives, Advances, Retreats","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Weiher","given":"Evan","non-dropping-particle":"","p arse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Keddy","given":"P. A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]},"page":"338-362","publisher":"Cambridge University Press" ,"publisher-place":"Cambridge","title":"Functional implications of trait–environment linkages in plant communities","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2e478a70-3cff-4078-b3f9-880c7b4b359d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation" :"(Díaz et al., 1999)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Díaz et al., 1999)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Díaz et al., 1999)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Díaz et al., 1999) (Díaz et al., 1999) (Díaz et al., 1999) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/3237198","ISSN":"11009233","abstract":"Plant functional types (PFTs) bridge the gap between plant physiology\\nand community and ecosystem processes, thus providing a powerful\ \ntool in climate change research. We aimed at identifying PFTs within\\nthe flora of central-western Argentina, and to explore their possible\\nconsequences for ecosystem function. We analyzed 24 vegetative and\\nregenerative traits of the 100 most abund ant species along a steep\\nclimatic gradient. Based on plant traits and standard multivariate\\ntechniques, we identified eight PFTs. Our results confirmed, over\\na wide range of climatic conditions, the occurrence of broad recurrent\\npatterns of assoc iation among plant traits reported for other floras;\\nnamely trade-offs between high investment in photosynthesis and growth\\non the one hand, and preferential allocation to storage and defence\\non the other. Regenerative traits were only partially cou pled with\\nvegetative traits. Using easily-measured plant traits and individual\\nspecies cover in 63 sites, we predicted main community-ecosystem\\nprocesses along the regional gradient. We hypothesized likely impacts\\nof global climatic change on PFTs and ecosystems in situ, and analysed\\ntheir probabilities of migrating in response to changing climatic\\nconditions. Finally, we discuss the advantages and limitations of\\nthis kind of approach in predicting changes in plant distribution\\nand in ecos ystem processes over the next century.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Diaz","given":"Sandra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cabido","given":"Marcelo","non-dropping-particle":""," parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Vegetation Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"463-474","title":"Plant functional types and ecosystem function in relation to global change","type":"a rticle-journal","volume":"8"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1048d8ef-368c-405f-93df-dfe89521c8c5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Diaz & Cabido, 1997)","manualFormatting":"Diaz & Cabido (1997)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Diaz & Cabido, 1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Diaz & Cabido, 1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Diaz & Cabido, 1997) (Diaz & Cabido, 1997) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/B978-008045405-4.00359-1","ISBN":"9780080914565","abstract":"Ecosystems in which grasses and grass-like plants dominate are termed grasslands. Grassland biomes occur on every c ontinent except Antarctica. They are notable for two characteristics: they have properties that readily allow for agricultural exploitation through the management of domesticated plants or herbivores, and a climate that is quite variable both spatially an d temporally. It is generally recognized that climate, fire, and grazing are three primary factors that are responsible for the origin, maintenance, and structure of the most extensive natural grasslands. Due to the ability of grasses to cope with high ra tes of herbivory, many former natural grasslands are now being managed for the production of domestic livestock and grasslands present a vast and readily exploited resource for domestic grazers. Threats to grasslands include overgrazing, changes in fire f requency and intensity, invasion of non-native species, expansion of woody vegetation, and the conversion of grasslands to agriculture. It is estimated that grasslands once covered as much as 25-40% of the Earth's land surface although much of the origina l extent of native grassland has been plowed and converted to other grass production (corn and wheat) or other row crops.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Briggs","given":"J. M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dr opping-particle":"","family":"Knapp","given":"A. K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Collins","given":"S. L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Enc yclopedia of Ecology, Five-Volume Set","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]},"page":"3373-3382","title":"Steppes and Prairies","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c7c19c25-07ea-430b-aa8e-34545bd59075"]},{" id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/2399227","ISSN":"00266493","abstract":"The problem of ascribing adaptive significance to traits that enable graminoids to tolerate or evade ungulate herbivory is examined. Some of these traits may have originally ev olved in response to non-grazing selection pressures, thus constituting grazing exaptations rather than true adaptations. The fossil record indicates that semiarid habitats, extensive grasslands and grazers appeared, interacted and evolved together, but s everal traits that are advantageous in semiarid habitats have beneficial effects for grazed plants. Other traits, such as developmental plasticity, enhance competitive ability in certain environments, but also increase grazing tolerance or resistance. Def oliation responses are embedded in a network of interacting processes, including photosynthesis, transpiration, nutrient uptake and resource allocation. Responses and adaptations to defoliation must be interpreted in this context. Although traits may have arisen due to non-herbivorous selection pressures, they may subsequently have been selected, combined, or amplified through grass-grazer coevolution to form species, polymorphic populations, phenotypically plastic individuals, or communities of species t hat evade, resist or tolerate herbivory. -from Author","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Coughenour","given":"M. B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals - Missouri Botanical Garden","id":"ITEM-2 ","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1985"]]},"page":"852-863","title":"Graminoid responses to grazing by large herbivores: adaptations, exaptations, and interacting processes.","type":"article-journal","volume":"72"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/d ocuments/?uuid=9b6c31ba-a34a-46b8-a598-a1261c429873"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Briggs et al., 2008; Coughenour, 1985)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Briggs et al., 2008; Coughenour, 1985)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Briggs et al., 2008; C oughenour, 1985)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Briggs et al., 2008; Coughenour, 1985) (Briggs et al., 2008; Coughenour, 1985) (Briggs et al., 2008; Coughenour, 1985) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"By sweep netting habitat and observing birds, we determined insect availability and use as food by 7 species of grassland birds: Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii), dickciss els (Spiza americana), bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), grasshopper sparrows (A. savannarum), savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), and eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna). Of 9 orders of insects s ampled, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera were fed most to nestlings. Bird species varied in choice of insects. In general, all bird species selected prey items that were large (>10 mm) and relatively easy to catch. We observed concentrations of ins ects mainly around clumps of forbs where most flowers occurred.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kobal","given":"Scott N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Payne","given":"Neil F","no n-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ludwig","given":"Daniel R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science","i d":"ITEM-1","issue":"1 & 2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]},"page":"69-75","title":"Nestling food Habits of 7 grassland bird species and insect abundance in grassland habitats in northern Illinois","type":"article-journal","volume":"91"},"uris":["http: //www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dbae6ede-a51c-44ca-9d83-69649b7c28cd"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.1309492111","ISSN":"00278424","PMID":"24474791","abstract":"Agriculture is being challenged to provide food, and increasingly fuel, f or an expanding global population. Producing bioenergy crops on marginal lands-farmland suboptimal for food crops- could help meet energy goals while minimizing competition with food production. However, the ecological costs and benefits of growing bioene rgy feedstocks-primarily annual grain crops-on marginal lands have been questioned. Here we show that perennial bioenergy crops provide an alternative to annual grains that increases biodiversity of multiple taxa and sustain a variety of ecosystem functio ns, promoting the creation of multifunctional agricultural landscapes. We found that switchgrass and prairie plantings harbored significantly greater plant, methanotrophic bacteria, arthropod, and bird diversity than maize. Although biomass production was greater in maize, all other ecosystem services, including methane consumption, pest suppression, pollination, and conservation of grassland birds, were higher in perennial grasslands. Moreover, we found that the linkage between biodiversity and ecosystem services is dependent not only on the choice of bioenergy crop but also on its location relative to other habitats, with local landscape context as important as crop choice in determining provision of some services. Our study suggests that bioenergy poli cy that supports coordinated land use can diversify agricultural landscapes and sustain multiple critical ecosystem services.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Werling","given":"Ben P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":"" },{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dickson","given":"Timothy L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Isaacs","given":"Rufus","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping- particle":"","family":"Gaines","given":"Hannah","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gratton","given":"Claudio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","f amily":"Gross","given":"Katherine L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liere","given":"Heidi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Malmst rom","given":"Carolyn M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Meehan","given":"Timothy D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ruan","given ":"Leilei","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Robertson","given":"Bruce A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Robertson","given":"G. 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During December 1995 and January 1996, soil samples were taken with an electronic-hydraulic soil borer (depth: 25 cm, diameter: 8 cm). Afte r hand sorting the larger arthropods, the small ones were extracted with a modified MacFadyen apparatus. The abundance of arthropods in the arable fields was significantly lower than in the adjacent semi-natural habitats. Highest abundances and species di versities were found in a sown wildflower strip, a hedge, a permanent meadow and a meadow under the cherry trees of the organic farm. With a total of 90 arthropod species in the semi-natural habitats, five times more species were found than in the arable fields. Staphylinids, carabids, spiders and chilopods were the most abundant arthropod groups. The data showed that undisturbed semi-natural habitats and extensively managed field margins play a key role as overwintering sites for many predatory arthropod s. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pfiffner","given":"Lukas","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Luka","given":"Henryk","non-dropping-particle":"","parse -names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"page":"215-222","title":"Overwintering of arthropods in soils of arable fields and adjacent semi-natural habitats","type":"article-journal","volume":"78"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f1e602ce-e182-4258-8ff4-ec44e3c7dd94"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/aen.12464","ISSN":"20521758","abstract":"Grasslands are valuable non-crop habitats in the world's agricultural regions, providing more than simply forage for grazing domestic and wild animals. They provide refuge and resources that support high levels of arthropod biodiversity, most importantly for natural enemies that provide vital biological control services to the surrounding cropped landscape. Ideally, farmers could manage and manipulate grasslands to boost their biocontrol services, although to achieve this, knowledge of the ecological function of these habitats is essenti al. Unfortunately, grasslands are often bundled together with other habitat types, such as scrubland and forest, under the label ‘non-crop habitats’, and little is known about the contribution that these specific habitats make towards landscape pest suppr ession. While recent research has been investigating the importance of other non-crop habitat such as native vegetation remnants, the contribution that grassland habitats may make towards landscape pest suppression remains a significant knowledge gap in b iocontrol research. Here, the current understanding of grassland habitats as biological control service providers in the world's mixed farming systems is reviewed. Limited research into whether grassland habitats support natural enemies, and thus contribu te biological control services to the adjacent surrounding cropped landscape, has returned inconclusive, even conflicting, results. Potential explanations for this inconsistency are explored, including the lack of studies, inadequate estimates of predator impact and the variety of different grassland habitat types studied, including their diversity in composition and management practices. Conclusions drawn from these studies are discussed, and suggestions for management are recommended, including increasi ng grassland floristic diversity, limiting intensive management practices and implementing weed control. Future research directions are proposed, along with the need to develop a universal grassland classification system for research, management and conse rvation purposes, using grassland type, floristic diversity and management practices as key axes for classification.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nagy","given":"Rebecca K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"drop ping-particle":"","family":"Bell","given":"Lindsay W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schellhorn","given":"Nancy A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-part icle":"","family":"Zalucki","given":"Myron P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Austral Entomology","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"227-237","title":"Role of grasslands in pest suppressive landscapes: how green are my pastures?","type":"article-journal","volume":"59"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=115eb2c5-3a49-451b-a6e4-39bea759bfad"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Nagy et al., 2020; Pfiffner & Luk a, 2000)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Nagy et al., 2020; Pfiffner & Luka, 2000)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Nagy et al., 2020; Pfiffner & Luka, 2000)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/ma ster/csl-citation.json"} (Nagy et al., 2020; Pfiffner & Luka, 2000) (Nagy et al., 2020; Pfiffner & Luka, 2000) (Nagy et al., 2020; Pfiffner & Luka, 2000) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"0022-1201","ISSN":"0022-1201","abstract":"This article highlights the findings of the literature on aboriginal\\nfire from the human- and the land-centered disciplines, and suggests\\ nthat the traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples be incorporated\\ninto plans for reintroducing fire to the nation's forests. Traditional\\nknowledge represents the outcome of long experimentation with application\\nof fire by indigenous people, whic h can inform contemporary policy\\ndiscussions.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kimmerer","given":"R.W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lake","given":"F.K.","non-dropping-particle ":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Forestry","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]},"page":"36–41","title":"The role of indigenous burning in land management","type":"article-journal","volume":"99"} ,"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=84e74134-eae4-478a-8b09-582594011967"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Kimmerer & Lake, 2001)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Kimmerer & Lake, 2001)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Kimmerer & Lake, 20 01)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kimmerer & Lake, 2001) (Kimmerer & Lake, 2001) (Kimmerer & Lake, 2001) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0343:GMACIG]2.0.CO;2","ISSN":"10510761","abstract":"Grasslands are heavily relied upon for food and forage production. A key component for sustaining product ion in grassland ecosystems is the maintenance of soil organic matter (SOM), which can be strongly influenced by management. Many management techniques intended to increase forage production may potentially increase SOM, thus sequestering atmospheric carb on (C). Further, conversion from either cultivation or native vegetation into grassland could also sequester atmospheric carbon. We reviewed studies examining the influence of improved grassland management practices and conversion into grasslands on soil C worldwide to assess the potential for C sequestration. Results from 115 studies containing over 300 data points were analyzed. Management improvements included fertilization (39%), improved grazing management (24%), conversion from cultivation (15%) and native vegetation (15%), sowing of legumes (4%) and grasses (2%), earthworm introduction (1%), and irrigation (1%). Soil C content and concentration increased with improved management in 74% of the studies, and mean soil C increased with all types of imp rovement. Carbon sequestration rates were highest during the first 40 yr after treatments began and tended to be greatest in the top 10 cm of soil. Impacts were greater in woodland and grassland biomes than in forest, desert, rain forest, or shrubland bio mes. Conversion from cultivation, the introduction of earthworms, and irrigation resulted in the largest increases. Rates of C sequestration by type of improvement ranged from 0.11 to 3.04 Mg C·ha-1 yr-1, with a mean of 0.54 Mg C · ha -1·yr1, and were hig hly influenced by biome type and climate. We conclude that grasslands can act as a significant carbon sink with the implementation of improved management.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Conant","given":"R. 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Hylopedetes nigrithorax lives in groups on particular ferns in light-gaps. Homeomastax dentata is solitary and found throughout the forest. The relative palatability of 13 species of fern was established, including species supporting Hylopedetes colonies, species on which Homeomastax was found, and controls. The pal atability scores obtained with Homeomastax were relatively closely grouped and only the least palatable plant was significantly less preferred. The scores obtained from Hylopedetes were more widely spread, and the most palatable plants were significantly preferred. This suggests that Hylopedetes is more specialised in its feeding habits, Homeomastax more generalised. The rank order of palatability to the two grasshoppers was significantly positively correlated. The proximal basis of palatability differenc es seems to be chemical, but the content of phenols, nitrogen, tannins and fiber showed no correlation with palatability. 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We found that most of the examin ed fern species displayed a high antioxidant capacity, exceeding 0.5 g Trolox equivalent per gram of extract dry weight in ORAC assay and reaching IC50 values lower than 30 µg·mL−1 in DPPH assay (with the value for Trolox 7 µg·mL−1). Most of the species a lso appeared to be a good source of carotenoids, especially of lutein (205 µg·g−1 DW on average) and β-carotene (161 µg·g−1 DW on average) when compared to the reference leafy vegetables spinach and rocket. 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Ferns are potentially useful for erosion control due to their dense plant cover and adaptation to slopes. However, information regarding the effectiveness of ferns in erosion control is scarce. This s tudy assessed the erosion-reducing potential of recently planted ferns on slopes. Five native fern species of southern China, namely, Blechnum orientale, Cyclosorus parasiticus, Dicranopteris pedata, Nephrolepis auriculata and Pteris vittata, were chosen for the assessment. Each fern species was grown to reach two levels of cover (40% and 80%) in 1.0 × 0.5 m2 soil boxes tilted to 50°, and boxes with bare soil acted as the control. The erosion control performance was tested using a rainfall simulator, whic h provided a rainfall intensity of 100 mm h− 1 to reflect a heavy rainstorm event. Various plant traits were examined to explore their roles in reducing erosion. 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However, a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of different floral plantings, their characteristics and consequences for crop yield is lacking. Here we quantified the impacts of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control (18 studies) a nd pollination services (17 studies) in adjacent crops in North America, Europe and New Zealand. Flower strips, but not hedgerows, enhanced pest control services in adjacent fields by 16% on average. However, effects on crop pollination and yield were mor e variable. Our synthesis identifies several important drivers of variability in effectiveness of plantings: pollination services declined exponentially with distance from plantings, and perennial and older flower strips with higher flowering plant divers ity enhanced pollination more effectively. These findings provide promising pathways to optimise floral plantings to more effectively contribute to ecosystem service delivery and ecological intensification of agriculture in the future.","author":[{"droppi ng-particle":"","family":"Albrecht","given":"Matthias","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kleijn","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":" ","family":"Williams","given":"Neal M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tschumi","given":"Matthias","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family": "Blaauw","given":"Brett R.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bommarco","given":"Riccardo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Campbell", "given":"Alistair 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(Albrecht et al., 2020) (Albrecht et al., 2020) (Albrecht et al., 2020) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1641/B571007","ISSN":"00063568","abstract":"Despite a growing awareness that the herbaceous layer serves a special role in maintaining the structure and function of forests, this st ratum remains an underappreciated aspect of forest ecosystems. In this article I review and synthesize information concerning the herb layer's structure, composition, and dynamics to emphasize its role as an integral component of forest ecosystems. Becaus e species diversity is highest in the herb layer among all forest strata, forest biodiversity is largely a function of the herb-layer community. Competitive interactions within the herb layer can determine the initial success of plants occupying higher st rata, including the regeneration of dominant overstory tree species. Furthermore, the herb layer and the overstory can become linked through parallel responses to similar environmental gradients. These relationships between strata vary both spatially and temporally. Because the herb layer responds sensitively to disturbance across broad spatial and temporal scales, its dynamics can provide important information regarding the site characteristics of forests, including patterns of past land-use practices. T hus, the herb layer has a significance that belies its diminutive stature. © 2007 American Institute of Biological Sciences.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gilliam","given":"Frank S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":" "}],"container-title":"BioScience","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"10","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"845-858","title":"The ecological significance of the herbaceous layer in temperate forest ecosystems","type":"article-journal","volume":"57"},"uris":[ "http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1b65ddb8-53ed-48aa-aa08-129710813312"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gilliam, 2007)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gilliam, 2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Gilliam, 2007)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0 },"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gilliam, 2007) (Gilliam, 2007) (Gilliam, 2007) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1023/A","ISBN":"3582333655","ISSN":"02545330","abstract":"The problem of characterizing the least expensive bond portfolio that enables one to meet his/her liability to pay C dollar s K years from now is dealt with in this article. Bond prices are allowed to be either overpriced or underpriced at the purchase time, while at the sale time the bonds are suppose to be fairly priced. Assuming shifts in spot rates to occur instantly after the acquisition of a bond portfolio Z and to follow fairly general type of behavior described by the condition (2), we give both necessary and sufficient conditions for Z to solve the immunization problem above. Our model is general enough to cover situa tions with twists in the yield curve. Making use of the K-T conditions, we explain in remark 7 why we focus on search of an optimal portfolio in the class of barbell strategies. Finally, by means of the K-T conditions we find an optimal bond portfolio whi ch solves the immunization problem. © J.C. Baltzer AG, Science Publishers.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haukioja","given":"Erkki","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Koricheva","giv en":"Julia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Evolutionary Ecology","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"page":"551-562","title":"ToleranceToHerbivoryInWoodyHerbacious","type":"article-journal","v olume":"14"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8ba6a252-b8ae-436b-8d56-00ae5aeaeb46"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Haukioja & Koricheva, 2000)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Haukioja & Koricheva, 2000)","previouslyFormattedCitation" :"(Haukioja & Koricheva, 2000)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Haukioja & Koricheva, 2000) (Haukioja & Koricheva, 2000) (Haukioja & Koricheva, 2000) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s13595-020-01019-y","ISBN":"0123456789","ISSN":"1297966X","abstract":"• Key message: Decomposition of forest herb species litter was not always completed in less than a year an d was not always faster than decomposition of tree leaf litter in an oak-hornbeam forest in Western Poland. Litter decomposition of herbaceous plants is connected with their life strategy and functional traits of their leaves. • Context: Forest understori es are frequently ignored in ecological research on decomposition, although they play an important role in biomass and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. • Aims: We hypothesized that the decomposition process of herbaceous species was completed in les s than a year, as opposed to tree leaf litter. The second aim of our study was to determine if life strategy affects the rate of litter decomposition. • Methods: We performed the decomposition experiment in the oak-hornbeam forest in Czmoń (Western Poland ) using the litter bag method to determine decay constants (k) for all species studied. The influence of species identity, functional group, and functional traits of leaves and other effects on the decomposition process was assessed. • Results: The decomp osition process was significantly dependent on the functional group of plants, time of exposure in the field, species identity, and precipitation. We found a significant correlation between leaf traits and decay rates of the species studied. • Conclusion: Litter decomposition of herbaceous plants is connected with their life strategy and functional traits of their leaves in an oak-hornbeam forests.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rawlik","given":"Katarzyna","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-n ames":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nowiński","given":"Mirosław","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jagodziński","given":"Andrzej M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names ":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals of Forest Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"publisher":"Springer Paris","title":"Short life–fast death: decomposition rates of woody plants leaf- and herb-litter","type": "article-journal","volume":"78"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e6dc501b-0bde-4086-8e4d-d507f45c7b5d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Rawlik et al., 2021)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Rawlik et al., 2021)","previouslyFormattedCit ation":"(Rawlik et al., 2021)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rawlik et al., 2021) (Rawlik et al., 2021) (Rawlik et al., 2021) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1139/b76-041","ISSN":"0008-4026","abstract":" Amounts of autumn tree leaf litter fall, understory litter input, tree leaf litter nutrient input, and rates of dry weight loss in deco mposing leaf litter were estimated in an aspen woodland (Populus tremuloides Michx. – P. balsamifera L.) site in the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta. Tree leaf litter input amounted to 250 g m −2 and comprised 3.7% of the total organic matter in t he ecosystem (1.92 × 10 5 kg ha −1 ). The ratio of the weight of aspen leaf fall to balsam leaf fall was about 6:1. The tree leaf litter input and the total litter input figures were similar to those for other Northern Hemisphere aspen forests. The unders tory litter input in the study plots was measured as 99 g m −2 . The importance by weight of some of the nutrients returned to the soil via tree leaf litter fall was Ca > N > K > Mg > P > Zn > Fe > Mn > Na > Cu. The total weight of these nutrients returne d to the soil was 116 kg ha −1 , with N, Ca, and K comprising 89% and Mg and P comprising 9.8% of the total.The dry weight loss of decomposing aspen and balsam leaves was measured at 1-, 5-, 8-, 12-, 18-, 24-, and 30-month intervals by using 3-mm-mesh lit ter bags, and at 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, and 60-month intervals by using 10-mm-mesh bags. Litter-bag mesh size was of little consequence to the rate of dry weight loss for the first 12 months, but subsequent dry weight loss was greater in the 3-mm-mesh bags, which maintained higher, more representative, moisture conditions than did the 10-mm-mesh bags. However, tethered leaves lost 1.7 times more weight over the first 12 months of decomposition than did confined litter. The decay rate decline with time and wi th the depth of the litter bag in the litter layers, with maximum dry weight loss occurring over the period encompassing the fall freeze, winter, and the spring thaw and runoff. Leaf litter placed on north-facing slopes was characterized by significantly slower decay rates than that on south-facing slopes.The dry weight loss for aspen leaf litter was 26.2 ± 2.0% after 12 months. 40.0 ± 1.6% after 30 months, and 58.7% after 60 months (by regression): for balsam litter it was 21.2 ± 1.9% after 12 months, 37 .4 ± 1.7% after 30 months, and 47.9% after 60 months (by regression). The highly leachable component of leaf litter was estimated at 23.1% for aspen and 21.4% for balsam. The time required for 99% decomposition was calculated as about 24 years for aspen a nd about 27 years for balsam, which gives average annual decay rat…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lousier","given":"J. 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Tree leaf litter input amounted to 250 g m −2 and comprised 3.7% of the total organic matter in t he ecosystem (1.92 × 10 5 kg ha −1 ). The ratio of the weight of aspen leaf fall to balsam leaf fall was about 6:1. The tree leaf litter input and the total litter input figures were similar to those for other Northern Hemisphere aspen forests. The unders tory litter input in the study plots was measured as 99 g m −2 . The importance by weight of some of the nutrients returned to the soil via tree leaf litter fall was Ca > N > K > Mg > P > Zn > Fe > Mn > Na > Cu. The total weight of these nutrients returne d to the soil was 116 kg ha −1 , with N, Ca, and K comprising 89% and Mg and P comprising 9.8% of the total.The dry weight loss of decomposing aspen and balsam leaves was measured at 1-, 5-, 8-, 12-, 18-, 24-, and 30-month intervals by using 3-mm-mesh lit ter bags, and at 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, and 60-month intervals by using 10-mm-mesh bags. Litter-bag mesh size was of little consequence to the rate of dry weight loss for the first 12 months, but subsequent dry weight loss was greater in the 3-mm-mesh bags, which maintained higher, more representative, moisture conditions than did the 10-mm-mesh bags. However, tethered leaves lost 1.7 times more weight over the first 12 months of decomposition than did confined litter. The decay rate decline with time and wi th the depth of the litter bag in the litter layers, with maximum dry weight loss occurring over the period encompassing the fall freeze, winter, and the spring thaw and runoff. Leaf litter placed on north-facing slopes was characterized by significantly slower decay rates than that on south-facing slopes.The dry weight loss for aspen leaf litter was 26.2 ± 2.0% after 12 months. 40.0 ± 1.6% after 30 months, and 58.7% after 60 months (by regression): for balsam litter it was 21.2 ± 1.9% after 12 months, 37 .4 ± 1.7% after 30 months, and 47.9% after 60 months (by regression). The highly leachable component of leaf litter was estimated at 23.1% for aspen and 21.4% for balsam. The time required for 99% decomposition was calculated as about 24 years for aspen a nd about 27 years for balsam, which gives average annual decay rat…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lousier","given":"J. D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Parkinson","given":"D." ,"non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Canadian Journal of Botany","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5-6","issued":{"date-parts":[["1976"]]},"page":"419-436","title":"Litter decomposition in a cool temperate deciduous forest ","type":"article-journal","volume":"54"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c36a22c2-35fd-4f98-bc03-c930dcf27179"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lousier & Parkinson, 1976)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lousier & Parkinson, 1976)"}," properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lousier & Parkinson, 1976) (Lousier & Parkinson, 1976) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11104-019-04173-z","ISSN":"15735036","abstract":"Aims: In the face of problems caused by ‘intensive agriculture’ dominated by large areas of monocultures, mixed intercropping mimicking natural ecosystems has been reported to constitute a viable solution to increase and stabilize productivity. When designing such systems, root niche separation was thought to be a prerequisite to optimize production. Methods: This paper reviews the beneficial and adverse effects of trees and crops on water acquisition and redistribution in agroforestry ecosystems using the concepts of competition and facilitation between plants in link with root functional traits. Results: The results of the rev iew showed that the reality was more complex leading agroforestry practitioners to adopt management practices to induce a separation in root activities thus avoid competition, particularly for water. Water uptake by plant roots is triggered by the water p otential difference between the soil and the atmosphere when leaf stomata are open and depends largely on the root exploration capacity of the plant. Thus, root water uptake dynamics are strongly related to root-length densities and root surface areas. In addition, plants with deep roots are able to lift up or redistribute water to the upper layers through a process known as hydraulic lift, potentially acting as “bioirrigators” to adjacent plants. The redistributed water could be of importance not only in regulating plant water status, e.g. by enhancing transpiration, but also in increasing the survival and growth of associated crops in mixed systems. Conclusions: Even though some more work is still needed to assess the volume of water transferred to neig hbors, hydraulic lift could constitute an ecological viable mechanism to buffer against droughts and ensure productivity in regions with erratic rainfall. Giving the difficulty in measuring the above-mentioned aspects in the field, modeling of some of the most relevant parameters to quantify them might inform the design of future empirical studies.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bayala","given":"J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family": "Prieto","given":"I.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Plant and Soil","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"17-28","publisher":"Plant and Soil","title":"Water acquisition, sh aring and redistribution by roots: applications to agroforestry systems","type":"article-journal","volume":"453"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=64da9dd6-3257-4812-8576-14d22c1e10f0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bayala & Prieto, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bayala & Prieto, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bayala & Prieto, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bayala & Prieto, 2020) (Bayala & Prieto, 2020) (Bayala & Prieto, 2020) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145129","ISSN":"18791026","PMID":"33609825","abstract":"Urban soils can, when not sealed, store a considerable amount of carbon (C) especially under cool clima tes. Soil C sequestration is controlled by plant functional type, but the mechanisms by which plant types affect C accumulation in urbanised settings is poorly known. We selected 27 urban parks of varying ages (young: 5–15, old: >70 years) and 10 referenc e forests (>80 years) in southern Finland to study whether the ability of soils to store C relates to (i) the decomposition rate of different litter types (recalcitrant vs. labile), and/or (ii) organic matter (OM) input via root production among three com mon plant functional types (deciduous trees, evergreen trees, grass/lawn). Our results suggest that the high soil C accumulation under evergreen trees can result from low needle litter decomposability, accompanied by a low soil CO2 efflux. Furthermore, hi gh root production by evergreen trees compared to deciduous trees and lawns, likely reflects the high % OM under evergreen trees. We showed that plant effects on C inputs and outputs are modulated, either directly or indirectly, by park age so that these effects are accentuated in old parks. Our results suggest that despite the capacity of evergreen trees to accumulate C in soils in urban parks, this capacity is far less compared to soils in forests of the same age. OM content under deciduous trees did no t differ between old parks and reference forests, suggesting that the raking of leaves in the fall has a surprisingly small impact on OM and C accumulation in urban parks. Soil OM content is an important measure that controls various ecosystem services in cities and elsewhere. Therefore, increasing the proportion of evergreen trees in urban parks in cool cities is a good option to boost the ecosystem services capacity in the often strongly disturbed urban soils.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family" :"Lu","given":"Changyi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kotze","given":"D. Johan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Setälä","given":" Heikki M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Science of the Total Environment","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]},"page":"145129","publisher":"The Authors","title":"Evergreen trees stimulate carb on accumulation in urban soils via high root production and slow litter decomposition","type":"article-journal","volume":"774"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d2804d61-6922-42a1-9602-860bc922ecf9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lu et al., 2021)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lu et al., 2021)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lu et al., 2021)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lu et al., 2021) (Lu et al., 2021) (Lu et al., 2021) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01339.x","ISSN":"13652435","abstract":"1. Interpreting the functional diversity of vegetation is important in unravelling the relationship between environmenta l change, community composition and ecosystem processes. Functional diversity is the range and distribution of functional trait values in a community. It can be described, among other indicators, by community-level weighted means of trait values (CWM) and functional divergence. Standard methods exist for trait measurements but not for assessments of CWM and functional divergence in the field. No research has addressed the effects of different methods of estimating relative abundances, nor the need to esti mate traits at individual, population or species level, or whether methods could be used that bypass taxonomy all together. 2. This study reviews and evaluates plot-level assessment methods of functional diversity in herbaceous vegetation. We asked: (i) S hould the objective of the study influence the method for estimating relative abundance? (ii) What are the strengths and limitations of intensive vs. 'rapid' approaches, and when should either be applied? (iii) Are taxon-free methods robust in comparison to taxon-explicit methods of trait measurement? Under what circumstances might they be applied? 3. Our review of published studies that have measured functional diversity in the field showed that the choice of metric has not generally taken into account t he link between the metric and the functions of interest, and that vegetation cover has been most widely used, regardless of study purpose. 4. We compared quantitatively in subalpine grasslands three methods for quantification of species abundances plus o ne taxon-free method. We found that: (i) data base trait values were robust across years for a diverse set of dominant species; (ii) CWM have little sensitivity to method for estimating relative abundances; this sensitivity also depends on traits, for exa mple, seed mass results were less stable than leaf traits and heights; (iii) robust estimates of CWM were obtained from visual estimates of species ranks and biomass using a dry-weight ranking method (BOTANAL), whereas functional divergence was more sensi tive to method; and (iv) the taxon-free method should be treated with more caution and performed particularly poorly for estimates of functional divergence. 5. We conclude that methodology can affect estimates of functional diversity. 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Historically, an obvious way in which to describe community compositions has been diversity in terms of the number and abundances of species. However, the failure to reject contradictory models has led to communities now being characterized by trait and phylogenetic diversities. Our objective here is to demonstrate how species, trait and phylogenetic diversity can be combined together from large to local spatial scales to reveal the historical, deterministic and stochastic processes that impact the compositions of local communities. Research in this area has recently been advanced by the development of mathematical measures that incorporate trait dissimilarities and phylogenetic relatedness bet ween species. However, measures of trait diversity have been developed independently of phylogenetic measures and conversely most of the phylogenetic diversity measures have been developed independently of trait diversity measures. This has led to semanti c confusions particularly when classical ecological and evolutionary approaches are integrated so closely together. Consequently, we propose a unified semantic framework and demonstrate the importance of the links among species, phylogenetic and trait div ersity indices. Furthermore, species, trait and phylogenetic diversity indices differ in the ways they can be used across different spatial scales. The connections between large-scale, regional and local processes allow the consideration of historical fac tors in addition to local ecological deterministic or stochastic processes. Phylogenetic and trait diversity have been used in large-scale analyses to determine how historical and/or environmental factors affect both the formation of species assemblages a nd patterns in species richness across latitude or elevation gradients. Both phylogenetic and trait diversity have been used at different spatial scales to identify the relative impacts of ecological deterministic processes such as environmental filtering and limiting similarity from alternative processes such as random speciation and extinction, random dispersal and ecological drift. Measures of phylogenetic diversity combine phenotypic and genetic diversity and have the potential to reveal both the ecol ogical and historical factors that impact local communities. Consequently, we demonstrate that, when used in a comparative way, species, trait and …","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pavoine","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names ":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bonsall","given":"M. 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This concept is increasingly used in ecological research, yet its formal definition and measurements are currently under discussion. As the over all behavior and consistency of functional diversity indices have not been described so far, the novice user risks choosing an inaccurate index or a set of redundant indices to represent functional diversity. In our study we closely examine functional div ersity indices to clarify their accuracy, consistency, and independence. Following current theory, we categorize them into functional richness, evenness, or divergence indices. We considered existing indices as well as new indices developed in this study. The new indices aimed at remedying the weaknesses of currently used indices (e.g., by taking into account intraspecific variability). Using virtual data sets, we test (1) whether indices respond to community changes as expected from their category and (2 ) whether the indices within each category are consistent and independent of indices from other categories. We also test the accuracy of methods proposed for the use of categorical traits. Most classical functional richness indices either failed to descri be functional richness or were correlated with functional divergence indices. We therefore recommend using the new functional richness indices that consider intraspecific variability and thus empty space in the functional niche space. In contrast, most fu nctional evenness and divergence indices performed well with respect to all proposed tests. For categorical variables, we do not recommend blending discrete and real-valued traits (except for indices based on distance measures) since functional evenness a nd divergence have no transposable meaning for discrete traits. Nonetheless, species diversity indices can be applied to categorical traits (using trait levels instead of species) in order to describe functional richness and equitability. © 2010 by the Ec ological Society of America.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Schleuter","given":"D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Daufresne","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names ":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Massol","given":"F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Argillier","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}], "container-title":"Ecological Monographs","id":"ITEM-4","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"469-484","title":"A user's guide to functional diversity indices","type":"article-journal","volume":"80"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/docum ents/?uuid=e3fa2f3f-1491-43b3-b5cb-f7188fe7bf0f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Casanoves et al., 2012; Lavorel et al., 2007; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011; Schleuter et al., 2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Casanoves et al., 2012; Lavorel et al., 20 07; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011; Schleuter et al., 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Casanoves et al., 2012; Lavorel et al., 2007; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011; Schleuter et al., 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style -language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Casanoves et al., 2012; Lavorel et al., 2007; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011; Schleuter et al., 2010) (Casanoves et al., 2012; Lavorel et al., 2007; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011; Schleuter et al., 2010) (Casanoves et al., 2012; Lavorel et al., 2007; Pavoine & Bonsall, 2011; Schleuter et al., 2010) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S0002-9394(34)90317-2","ISSN":"00029394","abstract":"Abstract Question: Is Rao's quadratic entropy a suitable measure of functional diversity if several traits are considered? Methods: It is checked whether Rao's quadratic entropy (FDQ ) satisfies a priori criteria suggested by Mason et al. A real data set is used to show that there are often zeros in abundance distributions which maximize functional diversity. Results and Conc lusion: FDQ fulfils all a priori criteria and it surpasses other proposed indices, because it includes species abundances and more than one trait. Therefore, it seems to be an improvement compared to measures of functional diversity that are currently ava ilable. An unexpected property of FDQ is that its value may decrease if species richness increases. The reason is that functional diversity is influenced by both species-abundance based diversity and differences among species. Introduction of a new specie s into the community increases the species-abundance based diversity, while it may decrease the average dissimilarity among species. Abbreviation: FDQ == Functional diversity measured by Rao's quadratic entropy.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family" :"Botta-Dukát","given":"Zoltan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Vegetation Science","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"533-540","title":"Rao's quadratic entropy a s a measure of functional diversity based on multiple traits","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=27959cd9-eaa8-4a44-a4d5-ce644e4fd5bb"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"A new framework for measu ring functional diversity (FD) fro has recently been proposed. This framework was mostly limited to quantitat missing values and to situations in which there are more species than trai authors had suggested a way to extend their framework to other trait t ypes of this note is to further develop this suggestion. We describe a highly flexi framework to measure different facets of FD in multidimensional trait distance or dissimilarity measure, any number of traits, and from different quantitative, semi-quanti tative, and qualitative). This new approach allows values and the weighting of individual traits. We also present a new mu index, called functional dispersion (FDis), which is closely related to Rao's q FDis is the multivariate analogue of the weighted me an absolute deviation the weights are species relative abundances. For unweighted presence-abse be used for a formal statistical test of differences in FD. We provide the package to easily implement our distance","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family" :"Laliberte","given":"Etienne","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Legendre","given":"Pierre","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecology","id":"ITEM-2", "issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"299-305","title":"A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits","type":"article-journal","volume":"91"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0f7e7ec2- 0855-4537-81ed-0fc26e9f9394"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/978-94-007-2648-2","ISBN":"9789400726482","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Casanoves","given":"Fernando","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"drop ping-particle":"","family":"Alejandro","given":"Julio","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rienzo","given":"Di","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"chapter-number":"Functi onal","container-title":"Quantifying Functional Diversity","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"publisher":"SpringerBriefs","title":"Functional Diversity Indices","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6c92f3b2-de8 0-4b2f-b54b-74a4d3346e12"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Botta-Dukát, 2005; 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Twenty-nine species from 17 genera and 3 families were documented based on more than 7,000 captures. In general, these communities share greatest affinities with either Atlantic rainforest or sa vanna-grassland sites of South America. Significant differences exist between these communities in terms of structure based on rank-abundance distributions and species composition. Moreover, Yaguareté exhibits significantly more species than does Mbaracay ú even after removing the effects of differences due to high-flying insectivores. No significant differences existed between communities regarding other aspects of taxonomic diversity (e.g., evenness, diversity, or dominance of species) or any aspect of f unctional diversity. 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T raditional 'ecological diversity indices' are based on the abundances of species present. However, such indices are insensitive to taxonomic or similar differences. With equal species abundances they measure the species richness (species number) only. Con versely, so-called 'biodiversity indices' are based on species differences, but are insensitive to the abundance conditions. The quadratic entropy index is the only ecological diversity index, the value of which reflects both the differences 'and' abundan ces of the species. When a species list is given without abundance data, then, using the quadratic entropy index and postulating equal abundances, one gets the only biodiversity index derived from a traditional ecological index of diversity. Its extensive form is identical with the sum of differences or distances between the species present. This index trivially satisfies set monotonicity, an important property for biodiversity indices. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","fa mily":"Izsák","given":"János","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Papp","given":"László","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Ecological Modelling","id":" ITEM-1","issue":"1-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"page":"151-156","title":"A link between ecological diversity indices and measures of biodiversity","type":"article-journal","volume":"130"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=28edc242 -14e4-444f-ada8-999b3d077c90"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Izsák & Papp, 2000)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Izsák & Papp, 2000)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Izsák & Papp, 2000)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/cit ation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Izsák & Papp, 2000) (Izsák & Papp, 2000) (Izsák & Papp, 2000) ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"THE 'characteristic' defined by Yule1 and the 'index of diversity' defined by Fisher2 are two measures of the degree of concentration or diversity achieved when the individuals of a population are classified into groups. Both are defined as statistics to be calculated from sample data and not in terms of population constants. The index of diversity has so far been used chiefly with the logarithmic distribution. It cannot be used e verywhere, as it does not always give values which are independent of sample size ; it cannot do so, for example, when applied to an infinite population of individuals classified into a finite number of groups. Williams3 has pointed out a relationship bet ween the characteristic and the index of diversity when both are applied to a logarithmic distribution. The present purpose is to define and examine a measure of concentration in terms of population constants.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":" Simpson","given":"E. 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